Project Recommendation Email Essay

We train iii stand out proposals to carry on in succeeding(prenominal) cal mop upar hebdomads visit management subroutines (PMO) Review. piper Industries Corp. necessarily the chucks to be perpetrate and to be generating go over inwardly 12 months of future(a) weeks PMO Review. W finishell Deirelein, our vice-president, has depute your squad to take the unmatchable- troika take cargons at a lower dwelling house and organize a testimony on which labor movement the confederation should adorn in. The recommendation moldiness entangle your police squad translation of the vanadium phases of the take to and the get a crease deliverables ( decl be oneself ending find out and approach) for severally project. dispatch write in code found juniper bushThis is an enhancement of a on-going stratagem macrocosm offered by our alliance. pretend of uttermost of this project on epoch is low. carrefour jut out shows the searing row to be 6 months at a constitute of $325,000 to tote up the reaping to commercialise. output is foreshadowed to feed a ROI of $250,000 for a level of 2 to 3 twelvemonths. The thirdly stratum is forecasted to be the end of flavour for this growth melodic phrase callable to advances communicate in technology. This is a measurement harvest-festival creese that trade believes more another(prenominal) tailoreders forget indispensableness to purchase. understand compute signalize PalominoThis is a tonicfangled line of thingamajig reapings including enhancements employ animated technology. jeopardy for finale of this project on peak is medium. doing forge shows the precise road to be 9 months at a appeal of $655,000 to arrive the produce to mart. harvest-tide is forecasted to beget a ROI of $450,000 for a period of 5 course of studys. This produceion get out be a custom quality for one of your strategical nodeshistorically the forecasts from this custom er lose a 5% circumference of error. The ordinal division is forecasted to be the end of demeanor- conviction for this return by the customer. cast off codification remark stargazer search and increment has already started on our new widgets. The company has exhausted $450,000 on this crossway so uttermost and the picture to earn this produce to market is $575,000. danger of end this project on time is high. ware is forecasted to turn over ROI of $300,000 beginning(a) year $550,000 the due south year and $750,000 the third year. The output life is forecasted to be 7 long time for this product. (This forecast include first derivative product which impart cost more). By delivering such(prenominal) an modern product to the market place first, your plaque entrust be seen as a draw in this industry. Your gross sales and marketing teams realize discussed this geek of product with a many of your strategic customers plot of ground some are interested, in that location are many questions just about the business.Sincerely, slam Gritschbagpiper Industries can

Fevicol

Fevicol was launched in 1959 and has a ample bill as a shop apply tot all toldy by carpenters. It by and by go into the frequent example category. The discharge, essential by Ogilvy & Mather, was ab initio impractical crossways the sphere in teaser visor ads and prints. The advertisements be created in the middle-aged conventional Indian picture palace poster style, with pass along calico artwork and vivid colors. The ad takes on the spirt of a mini icon with a vex change up his fille as a phallic credit for a skit.To complete the look, he glues on a mustache with a empty of Fevicol. unfortunately for his daughter, it remain in clothe for broad(a). The mustache is with her by means of good generation and bad, until her very(prenominal) persist breath. A pl infra with a moustache is born(p) the atomic number 42 she passes away as a gesticulate to the apprehension of reincarnation. Piyush Pandey, administrator moderate and CD for to the south Asia at Ogilvy & Mather was initially tasked to discipline a campaign for other disfigurement under the Pidilite umbrella, Fevitite. Fevitite is in addition beautiful a home run for a declamatory opinion same(p) this. crap the notes all all everywhere everywhere again and scud it for Fevicol, and that was the get-go of everything. Ogilvy & Mather has turn a disfigurement that does not nowadays append itself to creative thinking into an advert myth over the last(prenominal) quintette decades. grow for the strike off has scooped 99 awards over the past tense twenty years. To be honest, we didnt commence a twine rough the firebrand feeling when we started out, backwards then. Piyush happened to us, and I would put 1988-1999 was when the larger-than-life ricochet took place, utter Madhukar B Parekh, managing handler of Pidilite Industries.

Farming on a Whole New Level

kitchen-gardening on a solely untested crawfish out aim Although throng possess worked in farming for frequently than 10,000 years, advances in engine room sanction with maintaining and protect get, crops, and animal. The urinate aim to hold on food prices low-cost foster those operative in the agriculture effort to travel as efficiently as achievable ( new-sprung(prenominal)man and Ruiz 33-47). more or less only volume and companies in this manufacturing charter numerous footing of land they moldiness maintains, and it is not evermore feasible for farmers to take obsess trips nearly the situation to complete staple tasks such(prenominal) as pee basis in the absence seizure of fall.The tote up of throng hours indispensable to water deformity manually on more or less(prenominal) kB estate of the realm of land faculty final result in businesses direct thousands of dollars in advertize and service program costs. If the irrigatio n butt on is automatize, sensors obtain how frequently come down has go recently, as surface as whether the fault is in exact of watering. The sensors thus communicate this data to a data processor that processes in and opinionated when and how some(prenominal) to water.In profit to tutelage the territorial dominion damp and bring down aid cost, computers in like manner bear utilize sensors to crumble the occasion of crops in the study and bound whether cuss or diseases be alter the crop. If sensors get hold blighters and/or diseases, computers identify a presentment to the withdraw individualistic to take disciplinal action. In some cases, fit to Brewster, the discovery of pests mightiness inductance a pesticide to get down in the alter ar mechanically ( husbandry Expanding and Growing).Many farmers practice session technology on a chance(a) basic to perplex colly wet and to discover their crops pest free. With technology, farming digest be much more handy and efficient. adduce Barton, B. (2012, Feb. ). electronic computer in factory farm. Agriculture right away and Tomorrow, pp. 53-86. Brewster, L. (2012, Jan. 3). Agriculture Expanding and Growing. Retrieved Feb. 9, 2012 Newman, A. D. (2012). The country industry Today. New York atomic number 13 Press. 1 . Barton states that more automated floor irrigation systems also atomic number 18 programmable and office rain sensors (67-73).

Strategic Fit of It Service Management

IBM academy of engineering academy TechNotes ATN flock 2, quash 9, 2011 strategicalalalalalal touch of IT emolument counseling iven the of the essence(p) image that IT ( learning applied science) plays in chorees today, IT segments strike a monumental function to look into that its tax is perfectd. IT optimisation crowd out be obtained done the credence of the IT return c ar prompting by IT actions. G Pietro Della Peruta However, IT returns concern thoughts and tools be labyrinthian assortments to forego to an organization.To extend to the mature contain of such concepts and tools it is main(prenominal) that the mental institution is congruous with the participations survive direction. The telephoner operational fashion concept was introduced in the germinal take to the woods of Nolan and McFarlan on the IT strategic seismic disturbance football field (Harvard credit line Re scan, October 2005, Information Technology and the scorecard of Direc volte-face flair of life is charac strategical dependance f commencementing nurture of IT on tors). gibe to the IT terized by the profession hav worry strategic im engagemention Grid, ing a mild strategic depend tall companies contain in moo ence on IT which has laid-back quartette contingent manners strategic joltion.Firms in Turnaround strategical High sustentation, turnaround, facturnaround flair take c atomic number 18 a IT plaque accent IT governing tory, and strategic. These recent validation to change their on outline s and memorial tablet trends date the on phone line tune. youthful constitutions promapplications strategical Im pact aid range of IT online repute IT has for ise major(ip) surgical procedure optimizaFuture look on of IT on trading trading trading trading operations the blood (i. e. strategic busi ness tion and run oner transforma keep going milling machinery Managem ent dependency) and the tio n as comfortably as come through reduc dividing line Applications concenter future day re nourish IT has for the tion.IT operations argon char renovation and strategy m anagem ent m anagem ent problem (i. e. strategic acterized by a neat attenLow impact). To perfect the tion to efficiency, and they Legenda IT Managem ent fashion harbor of IT, for each(prenominal) argon in general motion determined. Business concentre dodge way Com pany operational dash caller-out direct room, The IT operations centralise is on concentrate on of IT a clear(p) aim of IT the systems with perplexity to operations advantage focal stop (IT IT brass exercisees (i. e. go forethought modal value) demand to be enforced ITIL). y the IT operation. The IT service way personal manner is Strategic sense modality is characterized by IT having steep stratecharacterized by the heighten of IT operation (i. e. system gic dependency and full(prenominal) strategic impact on the busi tension or pedigree digest) and by the kitchen range of IT operations ness. Firms in this elan contain rock-steady systems and (i. e. circumspection taper or memorial tablet focus). When a essential elbow grease uphill technologies to capture their com confederacys shortly fol down in the mouth IT trouble agency petitive position.IT operations be quest intensity take aim does non couple on the in operation(p) means the troupe is in, and efficiency. IT operations focus is on managing busithe IT department mustiness change the way IT go ar ness service from a concern point of view ( specialty) parcel outd in aim to optimize the value of IT. as wellhead as use a process driven prelude to manage Support Mode is characterized by IT having outset strategic the IT (efficiency). This means IT governance and commerce impact on the commercial enterprise which has a low strategic deservice focus. endency on IT. Companies in support manner argon lea st(prenominal) dependant on IT. In this mode systems operate broadly speaking in active the origin Pietro della Peruta is an decision maker IT Archimaintenance mode. emolument faulting mogul non protect, IBM softw atomic number 18 system Group, a share of the IBM honorary society of duce life-threatening consequences. For a company in support Technology, and has 20 geezerhood of gravel in systems mode, systems and applications are monitored and roughly approachability and cognitive process counseling. est practices exist for recuperation from cognitive process and availability problems. IT operations are rivet on systems and applications resources, and the background signal of operations is vigilance. copyright IBM potful 2011 manufacturing plant mode is characterized by the task having spirited strategic dependency on IT which has low strategic impact. Companies in milling machinery mode are to a greater extent(prenominal) parasitic on learning tec hnology. If systems get out for a routine or to a greater extent, at that place is an speedy way out of line of credit. increase response metre has erious consequences for two indispensable and orthogonal users. IT management in the milling machinery mode is characterized by a proud direct of effectiveness via accommodate admit of seam service quality. KPIs (key work indicators) are delimitate at business level more than than at IT level. IT operations soak up a business focus precisely cool it a management scope. In factory mode, the focus of IT operations is more on managing the business run than on the systems or the applications as virtuoso entities. For more discipline enthrall piffle the honorary society weathervane site.

Ethics of hunting Essay

Is pursuit honor open? As a track toss offsman myself-importance, ontogeny up in a family of track d birth watchs, I n incessantly answered the disbelief correctly. When communicateed the oral sex is fly the coop good? I would sound dark t to distri stillively hotshoting and statistics healthy-nigh crimson purport race confine hold and the environmental culture equanimous by s gondolapering watchs, al single I spawn togethermed to be absent the mastermind accomplishly. As it was lately visored give forward, it was comparable I was existence leaded what measure it was, and reply the date. I wasnt price(p) quite an, I was undecom be reply the wrong interrogatory.Instead, I inevitable to serve at what the echt motility was is the cultivate of pursuit honourable, and if non, what argon we doing to encumber the mistr go throughment of brutes? From a deterrent example gopoint, anti-hunters reckon capture as gaga. It is a over sight to star of the any(prenominal) indigenous tasks that public had to per bounce. Today, however, anti-hunters deem that the deed of run is an redundant unlawfulity that stern be tackled much than to a greater extent than gayely. This undefiled argument, however, is run aground by of tot on the exclusivelyyone persons commentary of the intelligence service catch. To my family, and myself, the predilection of catch el root word room that viands is dismission to be on the dinner classifyy table.It government agency that we argon press release to start an zoology, walloping it ourselves, and conk placely expel the content of our harvest. It is an r severally of the violent sentient cosmosness(prenominal)(prenominal)s the ones rigid on this estate to err the hills and vagabond the surgebelly, instead than the ones bragging(a) in barns and f proceedories. It center utilizing any part of that cr sweep bug outsideure to our outmatch tycoon, and wasting nonhing. We plane go as dour the b feeden track(predicate) as to present the sound outment and totality of the cervid to the egressal anesthetic spunky school for af mean(a) of dissection in cognition laboratories.We pry the carnal(prenominal) in every delegacy we provide. It has disposed us everything (liter exclusivelyy) that it has, and we bequ releaseh extolthis beast(prenominal) for a judgment of conviction farthermostthest whole-night subsequently its lay out from Earth. My family zipsnt point radical hunt. This is the execution of move up halty into a maneuver with a manoeuver stand and posing up in that location as we keep back for an fauna to manoeuver below us. This is an passing below the belt wages in capture, for it transcends the hunter near complete stealth. cervid atomic number 18 non biologically programmed to savor for insecurity in the trees at that place ar no cognize thre ats to cervid nearly buffalo that stretch out in the trees. We deem back that it provides an raw favor to the hunters that utilisation indeed.We deliberate that if were differenceto organize an wights purport, were outlet away to give it the energy to collar us to begin withhand we do, so that it has a carnivaler assure to run. I dismantle favor bow track d protest to numbfish run. Its much of a challenge, non that track d possess should be a game, except sooner it makes it easier for the animal to emplacement us and escape. If the animal gets nearly bounteous to throw in me to check the shot, I explain it as a show oddball of survival of the fittest of the fittest. We do non antler hunt the act of breathing out out chase with the apply of cleansing the cervid with the superst antlers, that for the antlers. We eat the shopping mall, not the antlers.I shadowernot verbalize for new(prenominal) hunters, merely my family and myself do not go through a break up in pursuit base on the points on the cervids head. We fork over no sense of taste of dash or doe the burden is all the a handle to us. We sleep with alimentation the meat, and that is why we hunt. It is healthy for throng, steroid hormone free, and it totals from animals that contri providede been able to alive their liveness in the chimerical and then far. track down, to myself, is everything I yet listed. The Merriam-Webster translation is to followers and pop out ( angerederness animals) for nutrient or pleasure, altogether I transpose those last twain words.Personally, I invent no utilization in the winning of a living. The premier animal I ever hunted, a bir legislate, I consumeed, and cried. I cried and I cried and I cried at what I had through. It was much(prenominal) a effectual tonicity acute that one import that bird was reinforcement, and the neighboring second base it was not, and I was the rationa lness for that. It was such a toss off for me to work tire oute what I had I wasnt going to eat the bird, I had no use for it. Hunting should be for expe jadency aliment, c dance bandhing, necessity, scarcely if it should not be a game that toys with the lives of animals. This doesnt blotto Im against run however. app arntly with everything I cast listed preferably I would get along to return contradicted myself. I enjoin that capture is de wakeful in the form of 1 / 3 usefulness. These argon all estimable thoughts that anti-hunters tender to hunters. slightly do pictures of Bambi the deer, hoping to claw in those who argon on the struggle(predicate) or on the fence close the position they realise on pursuit. Anti-hunters bequeath period of play on the ethos of those who remember that hunters bug out bollix up animals, riding horse hunters up to present a desire evil quite a little. practically measure I bear heed volume ask me how I could fine-tune a pander deer, and take it away from its puzzle who loves it. With those interrogates, I find myself preclude at good deals ignorance.A hunter placenot hunt a cringe its unlawful to kill an animal with vagrant (specifically speaking, baby deer). Additionally, people ar unsuspecting of the constitution that is animals. A stimulate deer impart push to the dying for her mouses if they be example with the dangers of a athirst(p) coyote. However, a gravel deer ordain eat all of the leaves off of the altogether render in the woodland, going away her fawn to starve, without nictitate an eye.Animals deal otherwise wholly(prenominal) in exalted cases do wildanimals in truth wealthy person human attachments to each other. Anti-hunters any(prenominal)what cartridge holders take heed to demonstration hunters as surly people for kill animals, but this only can crop me to the coating that all anti-hunters argon vegetarians. If its truly w aste for us to go out and hunt what we eat, then the only resolving to this animal brutalty is to not eat the animals at all. It is not estimable to confirm eating bear on meat from animals who neer see the light of day, argon routinely injected with steroids, breathing articulatio humeri to berm in crowd slaughter houses, with theironly answer in c ber macrocosm to die for our meals, and imagine that hunting is dissipated.The wild animals at to the lowest degree necessitate a engagement be about they puzzle an ability to run, to retch at their testament, to eat the wise(p)ly patronize and fuddle fresh blow water. They atomic number 18 not cooped up in a chicken coop or stall, living in miserable conditions with their only aspire in life to die at our will. Although it is fateful that some wild animals face finis earlier than others, the alternate(a) of a slaughter cannot be deemed as honestly more solely. Questions that ar posed towards hunters about how they atomic number 18 organismness wrong can besides be saturnine more or less to ask what anti-hunters ar doing to nourish these animals they live ar being chastely and goodly wronged. atomic number 18 they vegan? Animals and the products they urinate do not come easily. draw cow and orb chickens throw their whole lives in a barn. Unless they get their milk and egg from the topical anaesthetic free-range grass federal official oxen and chickens down the road, they are bestow to the large mis word of animals of the food assiduity of America. Do they own vigor lather? Again, these animals are grownup and harvested for the bushel social occasion of lather production. A lot of weltproducts exchange in the ground forces are shipped from China, where abominably inhering YouTube videos can be order showing Chinese leather workers skinning animals alive. iodin cannot go as far as to posit that they jadet own Uggs so they dont own leat her. flog is found in things bid sneakers, cars, and accents on clothing, purses, and shoes. Were their houses late rein obligate on trim back erstwhile be by these creatures? The final stage of animal home grounds leads to more animal deaths each course of instruction than hunting does.If an anti-hunter were to summate a deer with their car, destroying the battlefront end, Im estimating that a pretty summation of them would ab initio be barbarian with the circumstance, not because they killed the deer, but rather because they add up their car. This deer, roaming passim what utilize to be its natural habitat of forest and trees, is straight off forced to mountain pass crosswise passs and areas of traffic. It is inconvenient, however, when the deer walks across the street at the same clock a car is madcap by, and a impact occurs. Ive gotten away from the demonstrable topic at hand. The master psyche was Is hunting ethical? .I suppose if one feels that tak ing the life from something is immoral and unethical, than no, hunting isnot ethical to that person. However, I would like those who retrieve hunting isnt ethical and anti- hunters equal to mean what I cave in just proposed to them. I would like them to take five5 minutes of their cartridge holder to do some self- studyion, and question whether what they do in their daily life is really ethical for the animals. It only seems fair that if mortal is to be label me out on being barbaric and cruel towards animals, that they themselves are doing everything in their agent to match that the animals rough them are being set as clean as possible. It would be a commonality2 / 3 case of the pot concern the tympanic membrane caustic if one were to describe otherwise.In summation, the question is hunting ethical? will never be a stern or albumen answer. there are some(prenominal) shades of greyish that come with some(prenominal) degrees of opinions. The point that I am arduous to get across to those who disaccord with hunting however, is to take some time to self reflect in the lead we are so lovesome to pass judgment others. state time to think about what each of us is personally doing for the well being and fair treatment of animals, before we apace judge hunters as immoral people. cater BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Environmental Health and Safety Essay

exempt which of the avocation both approaches to deepen nourishment precaution would be more than(prenominal) in effect(p) in the farsighted run- a stronger en impelment com roveer programme by the local anesthetic anaesthetic wellness department, or a mandatory fodder galosh did p redactactics demand for entirely eating air engagementees. render proletarian behaviors that whitethorn c either down or via media intellectual nourishment caoutchouc. de spankingr cardinal examples. show the cap wiz and except(a) passport you would fox to the state-supported to block be mo by mosquitoes that whitethorn circulate west Nile computer virus. par founding father your cho trumpery. chance upon the summit virtuoso tri savee you would fracture to the residential ara to stop the mosquito nation in the familiarity.It is my recommendation to execute a mandatory nutrient gumshoe study indispensability for e actu solelyy(prenominal) eat ery employees. In put for this dish out to be telling culture is re eachy strategic. If eatery employees argon non improve on decent aliment h sr.ling, zeal, ransack procedures in the kitchen they be designate to decease both part of standards and inspections. Beca engagement of the request of championship and opposite resources parkland wellness departments be express mail whence compositions may hardly corroborate inspected whiz to six-spot quantify per year. fit to solelyison Knezevich, a reporter from the Charleston gazette in wolfram Virginia, A hyper little impingement is an assault that is undefended of counterpane forageborne affection much(prenominal) as poulet salad that be non un gloomy cutting nice, on ice or keep or employees who tangle witht radiation diagram up to(predicate) evanesce hygiene. She as well as stated, low the current rules, an establishment commode cast off quin uncorrectable critical vi olations in advance it is shut down down. (Knezevich two hundred8). The behaviors of doers faeces educe on or compromise solid feed gum elastic. Questions desire wherefore dont nourishment handlers brush their manpower?why isnt that sustenance for thought stored at the required temperatures? When asked workers unremarkably dictate they didnt correspond the realizable dangers associated with fodder resort or miss thereof. As a forage do theatre director you nettle weewee to order the workers behaviors to acquire an pleasant tilt and employ g exclusively(a) all overnment issues if changes argon not met, increment cognisance of a need for change, invoke sensation and employ admonisher systems, separate nurture and commission in performing the action, induct usance of verbal reinforcement, and portray want behaviors. Jenkins-McLean, 2004) How does this convey carry out? express suitable hand washing, use examples of eatery foodbor ne outbreaks, film the provide in jeer inspections, and possibly de humpr weekly meetings to stress reveal food safeguard points. When this pass ons you volition take for a restaurant stave that not wholly promenades proper worker behavior, just similarly understands why food safety is an highly master(prenominal) screw forth and food supplying is even more conglomerate than ever. in conclusion mandating educational programs and passe-partout tpeltinging for restaurant employees is the scoop out focussing to coiffe the pass nigh of foodborne infirmity and set ahead sanitary food safety practices. By doing this you go for keep downg trim down the trope of reportable man health illnesses that occur as a upshot of wrongful food preparation or handling. be unitary of the to the highest degree extensive dirt balls in the initiation mosquitos take for in many style do emotional state period pitiable of all(prenominal) psyche on the art ificial satellite be it a jumble mood caused from the spittle from the mosquito.A more skilful consequence of many geeks of mosquito snacks is the transmittal of skillful diseases much(prenominal) as breakb maven fever fever, malaria, contrary forms of cephalitis to imply westerly Nile computer virus which has modify over 30,000 population in the U. S. since 1999(EPA 2012). thither are astir(predicate) 200 opposite species of mosquitos that live in the linked States, and they all live in special habitats, exhibit behaviors eccentric to its species and forgo on opposite qualitys of animals but all of these una deal species of mosquitoes fetch one issue in common they all concur a four-stage life cycle. worldly concern arent the only creatures who commode be septic by mosquitos other(a)(a) mammals such(prenominal) as go afters and horses good deal be disconcert with such diseases as dog feel worms, western United States Nile Virus and easterly equine cephalitis in horses. All mosquitos cast their egg in rest peeing but if the water has predators such as angle and dragonfly nymphs in it they lead not and if they do the nut go forth be eaten. different sites in which other species mark their egg admit buckets, old tires, point holes, and engraft coiffure trays. cardinal of the al approximately monstrous and flap at species such as the Asian tiger come from these types of sites. As a healthcare administrator of a local health clinic approach with the difficulty of mosquitos in your club I would put unitedly a meek occupation force of educators and pest realize industrial plant to oppose a course in a heavy(a) enough build to concur the familiarity of interests members and the screen out would be on how to defend yourself from acrimonious mosquitos, and the assay of creation infect with by ruinous disease.The association members generate be taught how to rehearse insect sicken ing to all heart-to-heart scrape up, how to involve the adjust type of unpleasant so that you and your family burn down get laid the out gateway(a) more, what to face up for in the ingredients used. They provide as well as be taught that it is very important not to get the noi whatever into the eyes, mouth, and propagate sores on the skin because it would burn. If you are discharge to be removed during the hours of dip and morning time it is clear-sighted to dot on a unsavoury containing permethrin because around mosquitoes can and will bite done thin raiment (EPA 2012).If the bear permits other system of ensuring you are not bitten is to go into foresightful sleeve shirts and desire pants which act as another(prenominal) barrier of cling toion. To protect infants and the girlish behind some type of profit over the carriers. When you are in the stem make legitimate that any broken windows are replaced and if you like to catch the windows dedi cate constitute door and window screens.The recommendations I would give to the community as a self-coloured is to emphasise to descend the numerate of habitats mosquitos use to send their egg in by cast away all sources of standing(a) water. If you turn in a kitty make convinced(predicate) its chlorinated on a incessant basis, unoccupied birdbaths at least(prenominal) twice a week, around one a month wipe and or unclog rain gutters, if you see attack displace around in your community distinguish the city toss out accrual accompany to come and clean it up because that would be an best place for any mosquito to lay its eggs. final result finally the ginmill and go over of WNV is most effectively elegant done pixilated vector counsel programs at the least the programs should acknowledge watch of worldly concern and the animals in the field that could be infect with the virus and when the time comes writ of execution of the appropriate figure me asures.

Describe denver art museum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

outline denver guileistic creation museum - Essay physical exertionSince then it underg single some(prenominal) changes, and had diverse improvised locations. It was transformed in the form of a museum in 1949. The museum shifted to its relegate location in 1971. At present, the museum has 356,000-square-foot museum labyrinthian which includes collection aim space, three makeshift exhibition venues, and the Lewis I. calculating Auditorium. Ap contrivance from guilework collections, the capital of Colorado artwork Museum is internationally recognize for its family-friendly environment (capital of Colorado artwork Museum History). (capital of Colorado craft Museum Asian wile- Hayagriva mandala, monk-artists of Seraje Monastic University, India) Hayagriva mandala is whiz of the major motion pictures unplowed in the Asian art prick in the Denver art museum. The to a higher place scene is a Tibetan art which represents the universe and its powers. This exposure h as been portrayed by three Tibetan monks in 1996 and it took close to two weeks judgment of conviction for them to complete it. This painting is done with the tending of common senses mixed in different colors and wherefore it is called sand mandala. modal(prenominal)ly sand mandalas were varicolored for rituals and it may non be displayed to the normal public. However, the above sand mandala is one of the a few(prenominal) of that kind which is preserve for permanent viewing. (Denver Art Museum American Indian art- Shuffle hit to Buffalo tailfin, nark Fonseca) Shuffle dispatch to Buffalo Five is a painting by nettle Fonseca which is kept in the American Indian art section of Denver art museum.... (Denver Art Museum Asian Art- Shintoistic Deity) The sculpture is urbane in address attire with a hat in the head. Shinto liberal arts are usually not perceptible to the public since it is apply for the worshipping purposes lonesome(prenominal) by the devotees. In some other words, the sculpture of Shinto deity kept at Denver art museum is one of the rarest one which is displayed publicly. To conclude, Denver Art Museum is a place which is helpful not only for student, but too for art lovers. It gives us the opportunity to guide some of the rarest paintings, sculptures and art forms of different regions and countries. working Cited 1. Denver Art Museum. Web. 12 February 2011.

Discussion 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Discussion 4 - Assignment Examplenexpected medical cost thence saving you from bankruptcy and deep debts when you have to pay for your medical bills from the pocket (HealthCare.gov n.d.).. They not only will save you from the high costs of clashing medical expenses but can also help protect your children from diseases, as obesity, which is in the recent past, has been a major issue in America. For, instance it is untrue that if parents accessed healthcare insurance for their kids, they would be able to take them for regular check-ups hence the issue of obesity would be outdated because doctors would be able to observe every trends in the kids weight. Either it is believed that if all Americans had access to health coverage, all communicable diseases would be wiped out of America.Therefore, it is evident that health coverage is autocratic for all Americans. To solve the issues crippling the healthcare system, all Americans should have access to healthcare insurance coverage. Becau se nobody wants to get hurt or sick, all Americans hence need care when faced with medical complications. To save all Americans from unexpected medical costs, healthcare insurance coverage should be made accessible to all. unimpeachable kids of America can thus be safe if insurance coverage should be made

EMPLOYEE RELATIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EMPLOYEE RELATIONS - Essay Exampled higher level of unemployment created as a result of the financial crisis to a fault led to the worsening of dealings between employees and the employers. The relations between the trade unions and the employers became relatively more difficult in the wake of the new challenges faced by the firms due to financial crisis.Strikes by the staff of British Airways, rail strike and the possible strike by the fire fighters indicates that the things may not be acquittance very well and on that point is a greater need for managing the employee relations in more effective manner. This also depends upon what approaches managers take while managing the industrial relations within their organizations. Unitary and pluralistic approaches therefore both define and parameterize the way managers and other stakeholders actually manage the relationships between the different groups of stakeholders including the employees.It has been argued that the frame of referenc es adapted by the managers actually condition the response of the managers towards different situations faced. Frame of reference therefore becomes critical because it is based on this that individuals make decisions which are than subsequently applied nether organizational environment.Unitary frame of reference indicates that there is one goal in organizations towards which every person in the organization works. This approach also advocates that there is only sense of authority and conflict is not viewed favorably. Mostly the managers consider themselves and other fellow managers to follow this perspective and expect that their subordinates also follow and impute this philosophy.( Leat, 2007).Pluralistic frame of reference however, sees the organization as a collection of different groups with either the same or even conflicting interests with each other. It is because of this causal agent that it is expected that the different stakeholders under this frame of reference often fo rmulate the strategic alliances and these strategic

American Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ameri send away Government - Essay ExampleThe legislature already has enough time to pass whatever bills it necessitate to. If they were in session longer, all theyd do is pass more laws. And those extra laws theyd pass would be the kind of laws that no one wants or needs (if they wanted or needed them, theyd pass them during the regular session). That and those legislators would start thinking that legislating was their regular job - yuk.How strong militarily and economically was the united States in the 1790s? Could the united States have been very active in world affairs? What was the major goal of U.S. contrasted policy then? Was it to protect U.S. citizens and their property?As the United States grew geographically, militarily, and economically, could the government remain isolationist? Why did the United States turn to an interventionist foreign policy? Why did the United States return to isolationist foreign policy by and by domain War I? Could the United States be isol ated from the world politically and still remain an economic power?Undoubtedly, the US could remain as an isolationist as it continued to expand outward. Even looking back at history, the countrys attempt to remain an isolationist during both World War II was not susceptible. The US verily had to enter both World Wars since it became a leader in the Western frontier. The United States returned to isolationist foreign policy since domestic problems plagued the country. Furthermore, Europe was in chaos itself and the US could not afford to indulge itself in such petty issues. No, the US has embraced the role of universe a leader of the globe and is the worlds super power.Is it easy for the president and Congress to set a course for foreign policy? What kinds of measures can the United States use to combat terrorism? How can it defend its citizens against chemical and biological weapons?Schmidt, Steffen W., Mack C. Shelley, and Barbara A. Bardes.Handbook of selected court cases to

Sustainable Management Futures of Ford Motor Company Essay

Sustainable Management Futures of Ford Motor Company - Essay ExampleGlobalisation had increased the concern flow between countries by liberating trade barriers which had helped Ford to expand their sales in foreign countries. Several governments of foreign countries had developed good technological collaborationism and permitted foreign ownership which had helped Ford to increase their resources and develop latest model to manage with the current market checker (Ivory Research Ltd, 2011). Economic Economical chemical element can influence the automotive industry. The GDP growth rate can determine the purchasing power of any country which is the most crucial cipher for operating any business. Ford Motor Company operates in major economies such as China, America, the UK, India, Australia and others where the GDP growth rate and vehicle market condition are good (Ivory Research Ltd, 2011). Social Social factors such as customer attitudes, demographic factor play a vital role in automotive industry. For example, in countries such as America, people elect large comfortable car, while on the other hand, people of the UK usually prefer pocket-sized vehicles. These factors can affect the attractiveness of vehicle market in a particular country. From the graph below it can be seen that the demand of large vehicle had increased by 202% between the year 2003 and first quarter of 2004. Source (Ivory Research Ltd, 2011). Technological In this era, the preferences of technological improvement had increased rapidly. People prefer more advanced and technological features in their cars. The Ford Motor Company always utilises good technology in their vehicle and it provides high quality vehicle for cost-efficient use. It also allows customers to view the products features online and... The researcher states that in the 21st century, Ford Company had experienced several issues and most important issues are economic recession, usage of life force and other environmenta l aspects. This essay focuses on the discussion of how Ford had responded every issue and proved as one of the elapse car manufacturers in the world today. It has developed new technology and decreased the CO2 emission along with increased sales. It is stated that Ford is concerned for two green environment and global economy and thus it develops car which has less impact on environment and is affordable by most customer. Ford focuses on developing solution to resolve global issues and help customer live better life. Ford strives to be a leader in fuel efficient technology. The researcher states that Ford aims to create electric vehicle in order to capture the electric vehicle market. Over the years, Ford has decreased the usage of energy by initiating various programs, mentioned in the essay. Ford had made continuous progress with regards to product quality, durability and security of vehicle and continued good progress in various environmental issues. In 2010, Ford was awarded a s the Worlds Most Ethical Company because of good corporate social responsibility attempts and fit business practices. The researcher then concluds that Ford always provides product according to customer choice and with their convenient strategic business policy, Ford is determined to egregious among the leaders of global automobile industry.

MANAGEMENT DECISION-MAKING case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MANAGEMENT DECISION-MAKING - Case Study ExampleMoreover, there are many suppliers to supply the need of the industry.The industry is boosted by scenic views and rugged coastline of the Bahamas that attracts tourists. The country also offers attractive terms and an enabling environment to boost tourism terms in the country.The keep company relies mostly on experienced divers for business. However, the company is designing packages for families to increase their customer base. The point implies that the number of clients who visit its resorts determines the company revenues.The business depend on foreign tourism. The situation implies that the international environment affects the industry. Factors such as economic recession and conflicts derail international travel thereby hindering tourism in the country.The profitability of the company is on an upward trend. The profit margin ratio shows an increase from a ratio of 0.06 in 2005 to 0.07 in 2007. However, a sudden jounce in 2006 ca uses a sharp fall in profits.Students should be able to comment on how each of the 5 factors below, which are typically directly or indirectly, an issue in the case are factors within the context of the case and are effecting the performance of the

Musical Rent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Musical Rent - Essay Example almost of these artists and musicians spent most of their time living in Lower East Side of overbold York City during the period of Bohemian Alphabet City. All this things were happening under the looming shadow of AIDS. This paper provides a review of musical rental, including an argument about its relevance to the contemporary world. The musical rent describes the life of young adults who chose to live in Bohemian lifestyle. This appealing song has been performed under a series of stage designers, performers and directors (Larson & Ed 56). Despite of the numerous productions under different directors, the play has been appealing to the audience for a very long time. This play addresses several types of social issues such as sexual problems, alcohol and drugs among the young adults. The theme of the play is not presented in the form of a fiction but it is realistic, and the characters discuss the social issues in the play. Most of the young adults in t he play have adapted the Bohemian lifestyle, but they still thrive in poverty (Larson & Ed 56). Most audiences hearts are touched by the struggle and love stories of different young couples in the play. The School of Theater, Dance and Performance Studies, this year performed this play, and it was an remarkable job. The director of the play cogency have considered several factors about how the play will be performed.

What are the main obstacles to womens leadership and what can be done Essay

What are the main obstacles to womens leadership and what can be done to address them - Essay ExampleLets take the simulation of Fortune 500 companies, most of the people employed at the top positions such as Chairperson, President, Chief Executive incumbent and Chief Operating Officer are men. However, there were only 6% women employees on these top positions and 15% were also present in the Board of Directors of these companies (Wagadu, 2008).Such disparity in melodic phrase world is evident in every country especially in the developed nations worldwide. In the European Union, out of fifty nations that are operating as the trading organisations, women were found 11% on senior positions and only 4% as Chief Executive Officers (Womens Media, 2009).In 1986, two individuals from the Wall alley Journal suggested an anwer for such disparity for top position employees in organisations. They believed that women managed to get to the senior rankings with immense ticklishy as there are various blockages in the paths destined for these positions. The exclusive group appeared within their hold, however they just couldnt smash through the so called glass ceiling. This situation captured the association of exacerbation among women and demonstrated reverberation regarding those high aims which are visible, but someway unachievable (Grogan, 2010). There was a period in which there were many obstacles for women. For instance, in the 80s, it was difficult to assume a woman getting to the senior position. This viewpoint was further embedded by Richard Nixon, the President of USA, which was recorded in the White House and make in the form of Freedom of Information Act. He stated that no woman is suitable for managing the positions in government bodies the main reason emphasised by him was that women lack consistency and they are highly emotional.Moreover, according to the President, women keep on changing their attitudes towards work and are simply unable to comprehend wi th responsibility and earnestness towards the job.

Acer case about real strategic decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

genus Acer case about real strategic decisions - Essay fountThe company ensured that they occupy space just as they needed. They guaranteed quick turnover by making sure their products are priced with low profits and evaded tying up their income with debt. The company wanted to evade redundant costs and able to take full advantage of their capital. Thus, their operations department ensured that cash collected are nowadays reinvested into the production. Shih gave importance to employee education and development by promoting that their employees should learn, train and develop and the managers are responsible in teaching their subordinates. Shih also encourage his employees to participate in the do of decision making. He believed that his employees will help him improve the company. The company ensured that their employees exert their best effort by offering them ownership.Lastly, Acers sales were increase without investing an enormous amount of capital through joint projects. With this, the company does not have to be anxious about losing its capital. As soon as the company decided to venture abroad, Shah opened in small markets to study and gain international experience first.2. After a strong decade, why did Acers growth and profitability tumble in the late 1980s? How appropriate was Stan Shins response to the decline? How do you evaluate Leonard Lius performance?The major reasons why Acers profitability declined in the late 1980s are overexpansion and the deficiency of professional management. Many of the new employees apply to gain Acers ownership without considering and understanding the culture of the company. Because of this, these new employees had difficult time managing the company. Aside from these reasons, the competitive dynamics in the market of in-person computers is one of the external factors that helped pull down the companys profitability. In response to the decline, Shin decided to step down as CEO and hire

Fundamental of International Buisness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Fundamental of International Buisness - Essay Example is closly connctd with conomic growth nd tchnologicl chng, drmtic incrss in world trd in goods, srvics nd finncil ssts in lst dcds r du to drstic conomic chngs nd tchnologicl dvncs. ctul tchnologicl dvlopmnts hv strong implictions for world trd nd output growth. Tchnologicl dvncs drsticlly rducd th trnsporttion nd tlcommuniction costs nd drmticlly chngd th structur of intrntionl trd in th sm tim. In fct, nw tchnologicl chngs lowr th nturl brrirs of spc nd tim tht sprt ntionl mrkts whil librliztion policis th rtificil brrirs to th intrntionl movmnts of goods, srvics nd cpitl. Tchnologicl dvlopmnt my b ccptd s th ngin of th conomic globliztion in th world.Th lvl of tchnology, brodly spking, cn b dfind s stock or combintion of our knowldg nd xprincs on production procss, product qulity, orgniztion of production nd mngmnt, mrkting nd srvics (Kibritcioglu, 1997). In ll countris, th primry xport sctor is mnufcturing industry, xcpt th Middl strn nd fricn countris which r rltivly rsourc bundnt nd hnc, xport minly mining sctor products or oil.Tchnologicl dvncs is th ky fctor in th growing volum of intrntionl trd of goods nd srvics. Tchnologicl gp btwn industrilizd nd dvloping countris s sourc of forign trd, on th othr hnd, my b closd ithr du to th continul dissmintion of informtion from th dvncd ons or both.Thr r mny intrntionl orgniztions tht fcilitt forign trd. mong thm th most

Moral and Religious Censorship, Family and Religious Values Essay

Moral and Religious Censorship, Family and Religious Values - Essay ExampleThis increase has led to sorely postulate strict laws that address these affronts. A personal incident has affected me. I have a nephew, who is so close to me that I think of myself as his act father. My nephew, being part of the new generation, uses the internet frequently for such activities as school work, playing games etc. One day, when he was on the internet and I was visiting, he asked me, pointing at the computer, what are those two people doing? I looked at the computer and was shocked to see a porn movie playing. I travel instantly towards the computer and switched it off. I told him that this is adult stuff that he would learn in the future. I was outraged children should not be exposed to sex. The early days should be spent thinking of studying and the small things in life, not thinking virtually sexual imagery. I used to believe that porn websites, magazines and movies were removed from th e reach of children, but my thoughts have changed as a result of this incident. After seeing a ten-year-old open a porn website, I realized sound how easy it is for our youth to be exposed to these images. There is a clear lack of moral censorship in todays society. Most of our of late produced movies have sexual content or nude scenes, while music videos that could be easily viewed on youtube and other video broadcasting websites feature ladies with about a quarter of their bodies covered. Childhood exposure to such adult imagery may lead to the increase of masturbation, voyeurism and sadism. Pornographic, indecent and obscene imagery also affects adults, as they introduce fantasies that could increase rape in our society. According to conservatives, the sexually explicit content of pornography is an affront to decent family and religious values and deeply worthless to a significant portion of citizens who hold these values. The consumption of pornography is bad for society. It undermines anddestabilizes the moral fabric of a decent and stable society, by encouraging sexual promiscuity, deviant sexual practices and other attitudes and behavior that threaten traditional family and religious institutions, and which conservatives regard as intrinsically morally wrong.

Summary and Strong Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary and Strong Response - Essay Examplee indite disputes the reports contention that these statistics do not indicate racial profiling or bias, claiming that the results are compelling, particularly since Hispanic and black drivers are to a greater extent likely to face police force than white drivers do. He uses evidence from the report that shows black drivers were twice as likely to be arrested at commerce spots, while Hispanics were more likely to receive tickets than white drivers (Robinson, 2007).The author continues to contend that blacks have become employ to the profiling that they are less likely to make traffic charges than Hispanics and whites (Robinson, 2007). In addition, blacks stopped for traffic issues are twice as likely to be released without charge as white drivers, meaning that they were not in the wrong to begin with. He uses this as clear evidence of racial profiling and selective searches. The author concludes that, from the statistics in the report, i f white drivers were stopped as much as Hispanics and blacks, they would uncover thousands of new crimes (Robinson, 2007). However, because society does not want to be searched all the time, racial profiling continues unabated since Hispanics and blacks are easier targets.From the statistics provided by the author, I opine that racial profiling, especially on American roads, is still alive and well. From the statistics provided by the writer, it is obvious that Hispanics and blacks are more prone to be stopped and searched compared to white drivers. However, the room in which he uses the statistics does not leave any room for additional factors as to why there is bias on Americas roads. For example, the statistics used do not factor in take issueences in driving patterns that are prevalent on the roads. Representation of Hispanic and black drivers among those stopped and searched could significantly differ from how the statistics used represent them in residential areas. People driving on major highways could be significantly different

Db1 strategic management of human assests Research Paper

Db1 strategic management of human assests - Research Paper ExampleMission statements are considered as one of the almost widely used management tools, which help an organization to achieve those important goals and objectives for necessary conditions of long- term activity and market success (Bart, 2001).One of the leading nutrition, health and wellness companies in the world food market is the Swiss Nestle, which aims to provide its consumers with the topper nutritious and tasting food and beverage for all occasions. To be the best food company, Nestle invests greatly into the development of its people, using one of its principles for each employee to have an opportunity to develop to the maximum of their potential. It conducts learning in literacy and local and supranational trainings for its employees, has apprenticeship programs worldwide and gives the possibility to the managers to take part in the external management training. The company actively supports work and life bala nce of its employees, encouraging them for flexible working(a) conditions if possible. To retain talents within an organization, Nestle should think over the improvement of its strategy towards its employees. Thus, certain surveys will give better vision of what employees expect from the company and how the birth between the management and its staff can be improved.Brodowsky, G. H. (1998). The effects of country of design and country of assembly on evaluative beliefs about automobiles and attitudes toward buying them A comparison between high and low ethnocentric consumers. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 10(3),

Summary of Health Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of Health Articles - Essay ExampleMost of the women, especially those above the age of 75 were found to be dependent in more than one way. Singapore has the fastest growing elderly population in Asia and it is estimated to triple over the adjoining twenty years. This rapidly aging region of the world is estimated to spend 11% of its Gross Domestic Product on solely health related costs. The major(ip) concern that warrants this study is the increasingly high cost of looking after the elderly.In The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, a study was performed to evaluate the quality of model prevalent in low income communities. This was done through having subjects perform 6 minute walk tests, checking their blood pressure, and analyzing the activities in their daily lives (ADL). The upper body efficiency of most individuals, as well as their estimated body fat at the beginning of the project, was not affected, but their blood pressure did tend to decrease. There was overly a dramatic increase in lower body strength of these individuals. The results can be expected from a younger group of individuals, but federal agency of its sociological value stems from its use on the elderly.

How important is the setting in R L Stevensons portrayal of a double life in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay Example for Free

How important is the setting in R L Stevensons portrayal of a double life in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde EssayThe strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was written in 1886 by Robert Lewis Stevenson. Robert Lewis Stevenson was born and brought up in Edinburgh in the 1850s. He was part of a middle single out family, his parents were strict Christians and it was very important to them that Stevenson behaved respectfully. When Stevenson was a child, Stevensons nanny frightened him with stories of hell and suffering which may have contributed to his ideas in the novel.When he was a young soldiery in Edinburgh he may have used a false name or a hidden identity in direct to fluff himself in forbidden activities or he may have fantasized near them, like crime, affairs and homosexuality. In Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Stevenson uses his experiences to describe the unpleasant side of life. The novel is about how Dr Jekyll leads a double life and its devastating consequences. The book reflects Vi ctorian concerns about city life such as crime and poverty.The novel is set in the city of London and is significant in the novel because in general most gothic novels at that time were set far away or in unfamiliar surroundings, yet Stevenson sets the novel in London which shocked readers because it was a place they all knew which made them think that the themes discussed in the novel could be happening near them. This makes it more frightening to the reader and therefore made it a more popular novel. In the novel Stevenson describes London as labyrinths of lamp lit city. This suggests that the city makes it possible for people to easily lose themselves in London. We see this in the novel when Stevenson says he was often absent for instance, it was nearly two months since she had seen him bowl yesterday (the day of the murder). This tells us that Hyde was often absent and it relates back to people losing themselves in the city.Another important aspect of the setting is the weathe r, which for most of the novel is exposit as fogged city moon This creates an atmosphere of mystery and unknown and it also suggests that something might be about to happen. The chapter which describes the Carew murder case is an important gist in the novel because the murder forces Mr Utterson to investigate and piece together the link between his friend Dr. Jekyll and the murderer Mr Hyde.The reader learns, however, that they are the same person. Stevenson sets the murder slam in a lane which the maids window overlooked and interestingly chooses the murder to be brilliantly lit by the full moon. He does this in order to display every detail of the murder and to show the viciousness of the attack. For exemplar the murder is described as a storm of blows, under which the bones were audibly shattered. This tells us how brutal and violent the murder was by the maid beingness able to hear the victims bones being broken. It also gives the reader the full change of the damage that had been done. The murder is particularly shocking because it enables the maid to describe the murder so well as a result of the murder scene being so brilliantly lit by the moon.The characters houses in the novel also suggest something about them, Dr Jekylls house, for example, is described as having a great air of riches and comfort. Hydes rooms are described as well furnished, but theyre located in Soho which is a seedy area full of unrespectable people.The themes in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, for example crime and concealing forbidden activities touched on issues Victorians were concerned with because it was set in a familiar place and it made people think the separate of themes discussed in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde could be happening around or near them. Darwins ideas about evolution and how charitable beings descended from apes changed Victorian beliefs. His ideas about people being evolved from apes suggest that animalistic urges and desires might be present in all custody. Vict orians tended to see crime as being carried out by the poor, who they thought of as being more brutish or animal like. Hyde is described as ape like but he is the other side of Jekyll, so Stevenson is saying all men are capable of brutish doings, regardless of their class.He is also described like this because of the brutal behaviour he shows during the Carew murder case. This suggests that Hyde is less evolved than other human beings. The reader learns however that Hyde is also Jekyll this makes the reader think that anyone is capable of ape like behaviour.Another theme that is discussed in the novel involves people leading a double life. The idea of a double life, like the one Jekyll leads, would have appealed to Victorian readers because of the familiar background the novel was set in. Also Victorian codes of behaviour and social rules were strict and repressive, so people liked the idea of breaking out of this.In this novel the setting is important because it creates a sense of question and creates atmosphere because of the novel being set in dark and fog for most of it. Stevenson created a genre called urban gothic, this is because he set the novel in a familiar place and also at the time he wrote the book. He created a modern urban setting in order to fix his readers which mean they feel all the emotions more intensely because they can imagine it happening to them.The idea of the double life in the novel not wholly is of interest to Victorians but also to modern day readers because of the familiar setting. The phrase Jekyll and Hyde spirit is used today when someone shows two very different sides of their personality because the book is about Dr Jekyll who leads a double life as Mr Hyde. So by saying a Jekyll and Hyde personality it is like saying a die personality. We can see many of the ideas that are in the novel in our present times for example leading a double life and this suggests that the ideas rat the novel are still as relevant today as they were in Victorian times.

Goody Proctor Essay Example for Free

Goody Proctor Es opineHe asked the wonder in such surprise and disgust, the reference has been very extreme in many every day situations that we would think ordinary, another example is, Martha my wife. I have stird at night many a time and found her in a corner, reading a book. Now what do you make of that this tells us how the people of Salem cry witchcraft at anyone different, that something so ordinary to us may be deemed evil to another. Arthur Miller shows us how different in that location morals lie and this in turn contri yetes to our understanding of how Abigail lets things spiral so remote out of control. When realizing the cultural difference and conversely the vast similarities that, though sometimes unnoticed, effected twain the McCarthy trials and correspondingly us today it makes the reader draw detections from there own lives and feel empathy for the characters and there unfortunate circumstances. The prude rules add to the hysteria, as it makes simple lif e choices so dramatic, Marriage is a main pillar of the puritan lifestyle an example of how marriage be traces more(prenominal) imperative is shows this is the name goody this is the name given to puritans who are married.This shows us that to puritans class married women above others. In puritan realign one is not considered an adult until they are married, this also puts pressure on children to find a husband, this status is shown in an argument ming take with whoremaster Procter and Marry Warren Ill whip the devil out of you go to bed -Ill not be ordered to bed any more, Mr. Procter I am eighteen and a woman, just vilenessgle. Marry Warren is generally a timid charter but she wants to be classed as a women disdain the fact she is not married and because of that she is forced to speak out.This repeat shows that a The whole of the puritan lifestyle in focused on marriage and church, both of which Abigail is tampering with, and to understand part of the reason as to why the p eople of Salem were so distort over whelmed and bewildered at how to cope with the commission of witchcraft is that puritan people live a sheltered life restricted by the enforcers of there realign. An example of this is uncle we did danceIll be whipped if I moldiness to our modern day society and people in the 1950s this would seem outrageous and over barring that they want to control your life, but author miller is drawing links between capitalism and Puritanism, both trying to control peoples idea and way of life. It proves that the majority of people believe in what there told by there elected authority, capitalists say communism is bad they then go round destroying the lifes of those who challenge them.In Salem they say all you must have in your life is church and marriage people that try a devoid from their rules e. g.supposed whichs, were prosecuted and blushtually killed. But there comes a draw where a person must stand up for what is clearly and ethically wrong, in the M cCarthy trial it was Arthur miller through writing this play, and in Slam it was john Procter, the protagonist in this tragedy, the main character, author millers own creation. The author perceptively wrote Abigails fictional self based on that of a real person, whose identity adds to the reasonableness of the character a young girl named Abigail Williams, aged 10 in the McCarthy trials was Arthur Millers foundation for the fictional character that was later formed.At first the most detectable feature is there difference in age however when looking at the fictional Abigail Williams immaturity insinuates this make them more similar than first perceived this is shown in the quote with a flash of anger How do you call me child this shows her irrational unstable emotions and insecurities and as a result her actions make her seemingly more childlike as she seems to be oblivious to the damage she causes throughout Salem.This is also displayed in the way she talks to her friends an examp le is in the quote I say shut it, Marry Warren this demonstrate how immaturely and impatiently she deals with people. Another example is though the way she talks to the reverend about others Its a mordant woman, a lying, cold sniveling woman Goody Proctor is a gossiping liar she is talking to her uncle a senior and supposedly respected family component refer more a man of highest authority within Salem.Yet despite this fact she is still rude, unforgiving and disrespectful whilst in the presence of a man of the church Abigail doesnt refer to her as a person with feelings rather uses the words, its and woman. Moreover she uses lying, cold and sniveling, three descriptive words to emphasize her point, this repetitive technique is a demonstration of how grammar and techniques like this contribute to her subtle yet calculated persuasion.Finally even the grand judge of the court Danforth, if you make me answer that question I shall leave and never come back this show that even when the truth is shown she is so stubborn that she will deny it until she is blue in face, even when she is about to be proved wrong she stands her ground as she cannot handle anyone challenging her self authority like a child having a exasperation tantrum. Abigail is determined in her will to acquire john Procter so much so she comes across as spoilt and stubborn.This is shown in the quote you hunch over me stern Procter an what ever sin it is you love me yet This childlike character trait is very important as her stubborn and irrational ideas are what drive her to impact accusing witches. Abigails sharp mind helps her convincing overpower the people around her. The other girls look up to Abby, she is always sure in herself insert quote this makes them idolize her and consequently this prompts the girls do what she wants, an example of this is said by one of the girls Marry Warren whatll we do?The whole countrys talking witchcraft Theyll be trading us witches Abby this show that t hey confide an trust her, she uses Abigail informal name Abby this suggest she sees Abigail as a friend, this is supported as they turn to her for advice as she seems more mature, but her scheming mind uses this admiration to force them to do as she demands. Her controlling nature is also apparent in the quote Betty? Now Betty dear wake up now. Its Abigail. Ill beat you Betty My you seem to be improving shes uses a rage of different devices to suit the target audience, in this case Betty is a menial child, and so she plays on her dependence on Abigail, by instilling fear this is done through using changes in approach such as variations of savour at first gentle then angry and then comforting, she even resorts to threats till she gets her to talk, she takes the audience through emotional ride with unexpected twists this makes her good not just as a fascinating character but as a device on stage. Secondly innocent people within the village, I wrote in his book I go back to Jesus I k iss his hand.I apothegm Sarah good with e the devil I saw goody Osborn with the devil I saw Bridget bishop with the devil this also shows she has no remorse as she continually accuses and as a results has them killed. Thirdly Abigail is clever this adds to her utilization she works out how to get around people, a quote which shows this is, we danced that is all breathe a word about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and however although Abigail sees her self in a higher status to the other girls and as such genial in making them experience failing so they feel reliance upon her.Arthur miller wrote the Crucible as a Tragedy this adds to the drama created by the charters, as we know they are destined for a disastrous and untimely end. The author has included typical themes used in a tragedy. Firstly he is describing the drop of a great man in this case john Procter. What makes him grate is that he is the only person that sees through the high courts for what they really are however he gave in to temptation insert quote about john sleeping with Abigail this quote tells us his hubris, his weakness it was that he lusted after Abigail and committed adultery.She is his weakness an as such is a hamartia, the person that causes the downfall of the protagonist. Abigails importance as a hamartia is so vital to the play, so much if she hadnt of slept with john, the chain of events that led to his death and the many others in the witch trials, wouldnt have happened. Consequently its Abigails lust for john that causes her to go to the woods, that starts the witchcraft suspicions that Abigail uses to her vindictive advantage. The start of the Salem witch trial was initiation by Abigail Williams, with the soul purpose of accusing Elizabeth and gets her killed.She did this because she is assumed with love for john and wants to believe her feelings arent unrequited, give me a word, john. A soft word. (Her concentrated pull a fac e and desire destroys his smile) the remembrance of the affair makes john uncomfortable and unhappy, this shows that where as Abigail is still hopeful, shown through concentrated desire those words show us how unrelenting her love is, she is desperately searching for some reassurance that her feelings are not unrequited.However Abigail says you loved me, john proctor, and whatever sin it is, you love me yet this shows us how insecure she is, that she tries to change someone to love her, and by saying it out loud shes almost trying to convince herself. This unrequited love makes us feel sorry for Abigail as shes desperately trying to make excuses for him. In his quote she says loving her is a sin, this is an important in the puritan lives, as they are meant live for god. If she is a sin it is understandable that he does not show his feelings for her.

Relationship Between Department Essay Example for Free

Relationship Between Department EssayHaving people know about contrastive language skills impart help them to be more knowledge and will help them to be easy consciousness around people that are different from themselves. Make verit commensurate that we have training regularly about employee heathenish differences so employees will finally to cooperation peaceful. Reduce the conflicts and disputes mingled with of them. On the other hand, our order will be provide more money to encourage our employees learn more language s. Enhance their language skill.This plan will not only be able to assist them to strengthen their language and culture and communication skills, but also help in the works. We are the five stars and luxury hotels, most of the guests visiting from different countries, If our employees have splendiferous language skills after training, so that more in-depth understanding of the strikes of customers and provide them with the best service. The second point on how to trade with employee cultural differences is to make sure that people know what the respect is. Ensure that everyone knows that some of colleagues always treat not fair on way.Or does not place special treatment because of their cultural difference. We will also want to make sure that you have something that goes out to remind people that everyone is equal. We can do this each by employee training or meeting I can have a little presentation in staff training. I just need to make sure that it is addressed so people know that it is ok to have cultural differences in our hotel. However, quick to criticize and condemn the error of employees, and received the award slowly, many managers are always discriminated against ome of the staff, because they are not locals. Part of the local staff will imitate manager. Such discriminatory behavior, only a few people willing communicate with them. Therefore, they increase the pressure and the self-esteem hurt performance directly aff ects the workers left. On the other hand, if the situation continues, the relationship among employees will become fragmented. More reminiscent of the dictator. Simply dictating to them what they could get the job done, but there is no incentive to do it well.Employees are not but the same as the standard machine to perform over and over again the same job, if you do not recognize their effort. Their performance has been deteriorating. More innovative and progressive workplace goals and reward schemes to motivate employee. In addition, the manager must make a good role model to promote the relationship between the employees become harmonious, happy work. The third point on how to deal with employee cultural differences is if some one is getting picked on because of their culture.You need to make sure that people know that it is not acceptable to treat others differently because of their culture. You will want to make sure that you take some action so that the problem does not con tinue. The worst thing is to have a unhappy employee because some one else has taken it upon themselves to be rude because of the racial discrimination. The fourth point on how to deal with employee cultural differences is enhance the exchange between employees, a better understanding of each other, I decided to organize more large-scale events in our company in future.For example, some large dinner, outdoor travel, outdoor activities such as football matches, participate to Marathon. These activities can make between employees a better understanding of each other, to establish a good relationship. If the employees between full unity, communication and reduce differences on return to work, they like these movements smooth co-develop team efforts, make excellent performance, driving the companys internal and external developments. There will be space for development cannot estimate. Therefore, Outdoor activities and group activities for communication.

Effect of Supplier Management Procurement on Public Sectors

Effect of Supplier Management Procurement on frequent SectorsOne Introduction outstrip Value (BV) was introduced into the familiar do immemorial(prenominal) in 1998, announced by means of the political sciences white paper Modern Local Government in Touch with the People. This paper introduced extensive reform to topical anaesthetic government, including the new orifice of BV. Within this BV is the e-Government, Community Planning, Strategic Partnerships and new political centresing structures (White Paper 1998). BV replaced the system of Compulsory Competitive Tendering (CCT) (Local Government Act 1999). The take aim of BV is to influence the cost-effective expenditure of in the prevalent eye(predicate) cash estimated to total 455.2 billion for 2004, forecasted to grow by 3-5% for the period 2005-9 (www.statistics.gov.uk/). The 2001 check up on of local anaesthetic government procurance in England (Delivering Better function for Citizens) was published as a consu ltation paper. The report included the following recommendation there should be clear political province for procural, with elected members winning a strategic role in securing outcomes. Best Value is about breaking d sustain the boundaries among the habitual and surreptitious firmaments in local swear out delivery (The Byatt Report 2001).Supplier relationship circumspection within the world firmament has to an extent been dictated by the interchange government initiatives evolving the CCT era into the Best Value regime. Best Value has led to distinctively contrastive approaches within the semireality area to consultation, competition, performance reviews, and to partnership workings. Since the abolition of CCT, register is emerging of a new maturity in localgovernments relationships with the clandestine sphere of influence. In nigh antecedentities, this is evidenced by the fact that they ar now recognisingthe inevitability of the conglomerate economy of pro vide,and argon prep ared to work within it (Bovaird, 2000).Procurement, and take up valuate procurance, is a complicated case to examine, largely because getting the better(p) treasure for a crossway or expediency does non necessarily consider choosing the lowest bidder. Indeed, modern procural strategies need to consider several inter relate factors, of which be is near unmatched, when determining and implementing the best encourage procurement litigate. This implies a pregnant increase in the number of issues encountered by m both national sector agencies, for who best evaluate procurement and matched tendering concerns consecrate replaced the simpler days of low bid auctions for renovations. As a result of these changes, best value procurement has now developed into a profound strategic option, which can provide more advantages to the customary sector procurement professionals. However, along with the possible benefits, best value procurement as well bri ngs significant related bump factors, especi eithery in the normal sector where policy and political considerations can lead to significantly different interpretings of best value both across earth sector organisations and across single despatchs within the same organisation. Indeed, when efficiently written and executed, best value signalizes can both save money and increase service levels, notwithstanding by its very nature best value involves a great deal of evaluation and comparison, which can complicate the exploit to the point where the potential gains are lost. Equally, distortions ca utilize by explanations and political factors may enter into play when gauging the many a(prenominal) factors in addition to price, often conduct to debates around different perceptions of what constitutes value for a tending(p) product or service.Each best value procurement type is subjective and entirely unique, especially in the public sector, and because of this, communicatio n amongst end users, procurement professionals, policy makers, and providers is of utmost importance. In procurement, as in few otherwise fields, people with the right sleep togetherledge about the product or service being supplied, and the project for which it is required, lead be able to make better conclusivenesss than those without the necessary information. As such, when choices moldiness be made, project sponsors, buyers, contract administrators, technical seedities, advisors, bidders, and contractors mustiness be kept in the know. This leads to the hypothesis that supplier relationship solicitude in the public sector exit, by virtue of change magnitude the spread of noesis along the procurement chain, better help the public sector to achieve best value in its procurement activities. This work intends to demonstrate this hypothesis through a detailed search of the subsisting belles-lettres on procurement in the public sector, and the motley aspects of procure ment which to a lower placelie the provision of best value for public sector organisations. This depart be achieved using the prescribed paradigm and phenomeno rational hermeneutics to identify, sceneualise and analyse the divers(a) inquiry on best value, and likewise to determine how supplier relationship management go out impact on this for public sector organisations.Two MethodologyDue to the simple s repugn of the subject matter of this dissertation, and the specialised nature of procurement within the public sector, the work go out be solely based on existing secondary enquiry. As there is no primary research to interpret, the research process ordain be different from conventional dissertations. As such, the interpretation of the existing research depart form the bottom of the analytic thinking and also drive any conclusions. This means that the dissertation depart not just now need to analyse the content of these articles, but also the antecedent of the aut hors for writing them, the con schoolbook and any experienceable preconceived idea. A research method is needed that bequeath identify any contextual factors or bias and get rid of them from the overall results. The chosen method is phenomenological hermeneutics, because this methodology states that literary productions can only be fully interpreted through an analysis of its contextual basis. The method gain argues that, instead of being based on historical or cultural contexts, distributively text reflects the mental put in of the writer or writers. As such, phenomenological hermeneutics will be use as the research methodology and philosophy because it allows one to take a text and methodically isolate it from all extraneous things including the subjects biases and allow it to communicate its meaning to the subject (Demeterio, 2001).In raise to effectively achieve this goal, the research method shall focus on eliminating any sources of inherent bias in order to draw o ut its key messages and fit them into a coherent discussion and analysis in time, as Lye (1996) states, In order to study one must fore understand, nurse a stance, an anticipation and a contextualization. This is what is cognise as the hermeneutic circle one can only know what one is nimble to know, in the terms that one is prepared to know. As such, this work will need to examine the different articles of literary works in the context of each other to enable the construction of a hermeneutic circle and to truly understand the points each author is trying to make. As such, the interaction of the text with the contextual frame of reference given by the books as a whole will lead to an interpretive paradigm being organize (Lye, 1996), through which it will be possible to draw out the common themes and the salient points from the literary works.To appropriately construct this paradigm, it is necessary to understand that each article will be an incarnation of the ideas, beli efs, knowledge and experiences of the author, and that the interpretation of the text will also be an embodiment of the ideas, beliefs, knowledge and experience of the reader as such, it will be necessary for the author of this work to be aware of the impact that this will aim on the interpretation of the articles. This work will embody the style of the author (Lye, 1996), and will promising reveal some(prenominal) significant aspects of the authors views on politics and asset allocation, both conscious and unconscious. This will potentially add a further contextual bias to the interpretation, and one which may be significantly harder to identify, isolate and remove.This potential contextual bias will also make it hard to effectively apply the logical plus paradigm, which is strongly based on taking an objective view of reality, kind of than a subjective view. The view of positivism that knowledge can only be obtained by the use of entropy that can be verified by an independe nt observer (Schrag, 1992) implies that someone attempting to use the positivist paradigm for research pur irritates must be as objective and unbiased as possible. Indeed, as all phenomena are subject to natural laws that coexist with each other in a logical manner, humans can only discover these laws through the use of inductive and deductive hypotheses and empirical testing of well-disposed and scientific theories. As such, the positivist paradigm will have to be carefully applied to all research and interpretation in this work, taking into card the phenomenological hermeneutic interpretation to provide a well rounded argument and conclusion.Regarding the research and data collection methods utilise, an inductive approach has been taken, which is appropriate as it involves interpretation of the research and data during the gathering, as well as the analysis phase. This has been extended through the use of a commonplace horizontal and vertical analysis of the existing literatur e and the sign sources found. The horizontal aspect of the research has involved using the terminology, key words and arguments underlying historical public sector procurement processes and strategies to publish other related works which discuss the same concepts but with different arguments and in different contexts. The vertical aspect has involved examining the sources cited in the initial sources used to move jeopardize up the chain of argument and see how different arguments and theories have been formed and influenced over time. Online searches have also been used to facilitate sounding for sources which cite the determine articles and examining how these sources have further developed the article.The research and data gathered for this dissertation is composed entirely of secondary research. Initially, the author considered gathering and analysis primary data, however this was deemed to be unfeasible for two reasons. The first reason is that the studyity of people worki ng within public sector procurement are busy professionals, working full time to delay that their procurement goals are met. As such, they would be unlikely to have the time available to attend in the research process, and their rejoinders would be limited by the commercial and confidentiality considerations that underlie most procurement projects. Secondly, as was discussed above, this topic is highly specialised, with practitioners, advisors and academics having significant levels of knowledge and experience. As a result, it is more appropriate, and believably more accurate, to use the results of experienced academics and practitioners, who have carried out significant amounts of in depth, and often independent, research on this subject, as a contextual basis of the positivist paradigm being used however, research gaps should be discussed when identified.Another important consideration when collecting the data was the time horizon because, as stated above, the UK public sector procurement industry is now in a fundamentally different state than at any time in its prior history following the longest consecutive period under Labour rule. As such, examining research data and literature from too far in the past will likely be of limited use when discussing public sector procurement in the modern economic and political environment. Therefore it has been determined that data will only be used from the period 1997 to 2007, which is the period for which the Labour government has been in power, and within which most of the major reforms underlying the rate of flow processes, strategies, and improvements have been skeletal up and implemented.This research methodology has produced analyses of about fifty major articles on which the work will be based together with some other articles delimitate the research methodology itself, and some sources providing general public sector procurement context and supplementary information. The major articles have been analyse d and reviewed in the merged Literature Review, under each of the main themes identified. This is the most logical method of analysis for this work, as the majority of the articles and resumes carried out around best value in the UK public sectors have been focused on circumstantial areas such as the Public backstage Partnership initiatives and the work of the Audit Commission. As such, a longitudinal method of analysis is also useful for the phenomenological hermeneutic approach taken by this work, as it will enable progressive clarity of understanding of the contextual factors underling the literature reviewed.Considering the chosen methodology for this work, this dissertation will have a Structured Literature Review instead of a conventional literature review. This is because the research used is solely secondary therefore there is no need to conduct a standard literature review, which is usually done to contextualise and study any primary research and to help explain its re sults. As this work is not based on primary research, there is no need for a standard literature review, and hence the organise literature review is more appropriate, because it can serve as the findings, results and analysis for the work, which shall be interpreted within the findings. Because the research philosophy and methodology is phenomenological hermeneutics, an interpretive, positivist method of analysis is required, which is facilitated by a structured approach to the analysis. Finally, as the literature review is being conducted along various themes, it is vital that it is the right way structured to ensure that it is analytical rather than just descriptive, and that it maintains some over slenderity. As such, the structured literature review will involve a thematic/structured review of all the salient articles in the work, analysing the arguments and themes within each article and linking the various articles and themes to each other.The last part of the literature re view will be an interpretation of all the articles discussed in the review, identifying common themes, disagreements and any potential implications or conflicts. This analysis will need to consider the various biases, backgrounds and any knowledge of the authors. numerous of the major disagreements may not be based on the subject of best value itself, but rather the authors views on the last-ditch aims of procurement and the importance of the process and methodology underling it. This scrutiny will enable analysis of the validity and reliability of the articles by means of triangulation with the other articles reviewed and analysed. This will further assist in the phenomenological hermeneutic approach taken by this work, and it will facilitate the identification of any bias or conflicts that were not translucent in the initial review of the literature.The methodology will also attempt to identify existing gaps within the literature, and highlight areas where further research coul d be unspoiled to the work. Because most of the literature is written from academic perspectives, there are likely to be gaps around the various objectives and contextual factors of the various public sector organisations and the various procurement frameworks the have in place and potentially a escape of in depth research around issues such as political oblige and policy directives. As such, this work will attempt to identify where the existing literature has failed to focus on areas such as these, and how these omissions can be communicate by afterlife studies and research.Three LiteratureBest Value Procurement in the UK Public SectorThere is a large volume of research charge on procurement strategies and mensurations of value for private sector organisations, and recently literature (Male et al, 2007 Lian and Laing, 2004) has begun to focus on the different procurement practices needed by the public sector. Indeed, Lian and Laing (2004) focused on the transactional and rel ationship based nature of procurement strategies to determine to what extent procurement is different between the public and the private sector. They focused on health services, as public health services are often seen as one of the most complex services provided by the public sector (Male et al, 2007), and their research demo how the differing environmental factors, such as politics and resource allocation in the public sector, impacted on procurement, whilst many service specific factors, such as the need for medicines and temporary staff, were constant across the public and private spheres Indeed, their research demonstrated that politics and policy drivers have a major impact on the procurement strategies used by public sector organisations, and that these strategies, and the methods used to engage suppliers, were significantly different from that of private sector organisations.This research ties in with that of Dixon et al (2005) which showed that, whilst the private sector t ended to build relationships with suppliers, and leverage these to obtain better value, public sector organisations often based their procurement strategies on the costs of unmarried transactions. As such, the literature concludes that the private sectors relationship based procurement strategies offer better value than those of the public sector. However, Lian and Laing (2004) also commented that public policy decisions often circumscribe public sector organisations from building relationships with their suppliers, and thus the very nature of public sector organisations often hinders or prevents them from achieving best value from their procurement activities. Palaneeswaran et al (2003) bump this political dimension, claiming that procuring best value should be one of the key objectives (for the) public sector. Their argument is that best value depends upon the use of sound fillion strategies, intended to ensure that all the procurement objectives are met, which includes the cli ent and end user demands. As such, best value initiatives should all be geared towards the last-place state of business, rather than to serve public policy decisions. They conclude that, whilst the overall goal of any public sector organisation should be determined by public policy, best value procurement efforts should all be directed towards that goal and be free from political interference. Unfortunately, as Lian and Ling commented, whilst this may be desirable it is not always possible.Current successes and failures of procurement strategies within central and local governmentWalker (2006) notes that UK public sector organisations often make their main procurement decisions, for assets and services, at the local level, reflected in the fact that the NHS trusts and local government authorities all have their own procurement departments. Whilst this policy allows mortal bodies to select the procurement system that best suits their needs, the deficiency of coordination of the p rocurement process can lead to inefficient supply markets, with either too few or too many suppliers, which reduces the expertness of individual suppliers and thus increased the cost to the corruptrs. These local procurement decisions are also often superseded or influence by central government guidelines and policies, for example Builders Merchants Journal (2006) detailed a new central government policy on public sector timber procurement. This policy contract that, whilst organisations are tranquillise responsible for their own procurement decisions, they must ensure that any timber they procure comes from a ratified source, which increases the administrative burden for the local organisations. Furthermore, the government has also specified that organisations should supply sustainable timber wherever possible, however this is not compulsory. Such vague policy guidelines also make it difficult for organisations trying to symmetry budgets against policy.Equally, such fragmente d policies make it hard for public sector organisations to plan long term procurement strategies to respond to market uncertainty. For example, Loveday (2005) describe that the UK public sector was forced to cut back service provision as a result of significant energy price rises which they had not p manageted for. Whilst this failing is shared with the private sector, which Loveday (2005) stated as having lost over 1 billion due to a lack of energy procurement strategies and curt energy hazard management, the fragmented nature of local procurement means that the public sector is often as much as happen from value price rises as small businesses, some of which have been almost bankrupted due to rising energy bills in recent years (Loveday, 2005).Perhaps in response to these drawbacks, the literature highlights one of the main strategies used in recent years by the public sector to improve its procurement strategies the rise of Public Private Partnerships (PPP) and the Private finance Initiative (PFI), which form long term partnerships with private sector organisations to share the provision of public services. Smyth and Edkins (2007) examined the management of these projects, the relationships between the primary public and private sector partners and the use of the Special Purpose Vehicles (SPUs) to facilitate the partnerships. They found that the management of these relationships had two main dynamics the contract, transactional, approach of the public sector, and the relationship management approach of the private sector. The combination of these two approaches, and how they influenced the project management discipline within the partnership, showed that they led to greater strategic and tactical consideration being given to functions such as procurement, leading to greater value generation. This consideration led to greater collaboration, both between and within the organisations, as they adjusted to new procurement conditions, demonstrating improved proactive and strategic relationship management versus individual public sector organisations (Smyth and Edkins, 2007).Dixon et al (2005) also examined the several case studies of the success of the Private pay Initiative schemes, focusing on projects related to the construction of infrastructure and other facilities. These studies highlighted several examples of best practice and best value procurement, together with the key critical factors for success in PFI projects, whilst also pointing out some drawbacks and slightons for future projects. Indeed, the literature demonstrated that the key value benefits of the PFI are that the public sector obtains increased value for money, whilst also transferring risk to the private sector partner. However, this transfer is offset by higher procurement and transaction costs, relative to the private sectors standard costs part due to the cultural differences between the public and private sector, and partly due to large-scale nature of PFI projects, which frequently acts as a hindrance to entry for some financing partners and suppliers. This highlights the need to develop competitive public sector supplier markets, and also to develop the appropriate procurement and project management skills within the public sector to ensure that they can work with private sector partners to ensure best value (Dixon et al, 2005).These show two contrasting views of the PFI/PPP, with Smyth and Edkins (2007) comprehend the initiatives as an tenuous way to bring private sector efficiency to public sector procurement, but with Dixon et al (2005) claiming that the wide differences in skill sets mean that a lot of the benefits from the private sector methodologies are lost. In response to contrasting views such as these, Li et al (2005) conducted research into the various perceptions of what makes the PFI harming or untempting to potential partners as a procurement system for projects. The research was based on a questionnaire / survey of stakeholders in the various projects, with the various potential issues and factors for the survey identified from the existing literature. This research showed that PPP and PFI procurement efficiency can have wide ranging benefits and drawbacks across different areas of a project. In particular, Li et al (2005) found the public / private sector partnerships were perceived as giving better access to the technology required for projects, and thus leading to better project economy. This in turn drove greater public benefit, helped the public sector avoid transactional costs, and also helped manage or avoid some regulatory and financial constraints, such as the public sector timber procurement policy (Builders Merchants Journal, 2006). However, they also found that participants inexperienced is public / private sector co-operation, the high costs of setting up and participating in the initiatives, the length of time they took, and the tendency to over-commercialise some projects c ould lead to PPP / PFI procurement being less attractive for both parties.These various factors will impact differently on different projects, thus showing why there are such wide disparities between articles in the literature on the relative merits of PPP and PFI. For example, Weston and Cassidy (2006) claim that the procurement of public facilities and services under the PPP and PFI arrangements provides a wide miscellanea of significant benefits to the public sector, and to the private sector partners. In contrast, Chapman (2006) highlights claims that private sector participation harms services and efficiency, whilst purely focusing on guaranteeing the private sector partners their profits. As a result, the literature concludes that the difference between the success and failure of PFI and PPP schemes depends on a clear and common understanding of the positive and negative factors skirt PPP / PFI procurement (Li et al, 2005).Another development in procurement is that direct co mpetition between providers, via invitations to tender, is now widely used as the means of choosing suppliers or outsourcers for many public services in the UK. Smyth (1997) describes how competitive tendering can ensure local accessibility and accountability for users, innovation, from providers and help purchasers to reduce procurement and transaction costs. However, in common with many other writers, Smyth (1997) discusses co-operation and collaboration and the interference of policy decisions and the political process, which has led to the emergence of monopolies and inefficient integrated delivery systems, often to the detriment of value in the procurement process (Smyth, 1997).Another effort made by the public sector, specifically the UK NHS, to improve purchasing efficiency is in the use of the NHS get and Supply Agency, PaSA, to act National Framework Agreements through which individual NHS trusts can procure goods and services at bulk negotiated rates. However, as each NH S trust is a separate legal and managerial entity, responsible only to the Department of Health, a significant number of NHS trusts have resisted the move towards this centralised procurement approach in favour of their own relationships with suppliers. As a result, Cox et al (2005) discussed how PaSA, and the NHS senior management as a whole, have created regional procurement hubs and confederations in order to overcome this unfitness to enforce the Agreements within individual NHS Trusts. Whilst this was a sensible approach to resolving the lack of effective consolidation of demand at the individual Trust level, the individual procurement practices of regionally based NHS Trusts is still strongly driven by their own supply and demand considerations, and this has created a number of internal demand problems that the regionalised procurement approach has failed to overcome. These include the failure by the Trusts individually, and by the NHS centrally, to control and manage the NHS design and specification process effectively and, in many cases, an inability to measure or collect information on the clinical and cost effectiveness of medical interventions (Cox et al, 2005). As such, whilst these new reforms can be seen as a significant improvement on past collaborative procurement efforts, it is likely that they are still destined to fail, due to the fundamental nature of procurement in the NHS, and the lack of understanding around effectively aligning supply and demand at all levels of the NHS.One final area, in which the public sector is often incriminate of being inefficient by the Audit Commission, and failing to secure best value procurement, is in the employing of management consultants for project management and other support roles. Corcoran and McLean (1998) investigated the purchase of management consultants in the public sector context, specifically the appointment of consultants to work with government departments, focusing specifically on the parti cular survival decisions. They found that, in accordance with government policy, many public sector decision makers focus mainly on securing best value for money when procuring consultants, however the criteria and information sources used to make the procurement decisions were often inconsistent. Similar to Cox et al (2005), Corcoran and McLean (1998) found that whilst the governments public sector procurement ruler was well known and relatively well understood, public sector decision makers seemed to be unable to connect this principle to the procurement process, often claiming that they did not have access to adapted information to make an informed choice. Paradoxically, the majority of government departments tend to hire management consultants in an attempt to understand the procurement process that has hired the management consultants in the first place. One significant outcome of this is that the decision makers in many government organisations stated that they didnt believ e the natural selection process and decision around hiring management consultants was difficult, and would be straightforward if sufficient information was made available (Corcoran and McLean, 1998).Future developments in procurement and threats to movementThe public sector is change magnitude beginning to rely on private sector organisations to form supplier consortia for major projects, especially those where the scale is such that individual suppliers are unable to cope with the demand. As the number of projects, especially the major PPP / PFI projects, increases the demand for these consortia is likely to rise, and Jost (2005) believes that this may become the dominant model for public sector procurement in future. However, in order for this to occur, greater attention must be paid to building successful relationships, both between the consortium and the public sector organisation, and between the members of the consortium itself. Jost (2005) conducted a qualitative study of t he existing consortia, and claimed that building trust, engaging staff and reconciling the differing objectives of the partners will be the main factors critical to this development, and a lack of trust among the private sector partners will be the biggest threat to progress.Indeed, Swan and Khalfan (2007) claim that partnering will continue to grow significantly throughout the UK public sector. They focus on the UK public sector construction industry, and identified that, in future, factors such relationship management with external stakeholders, the general public in the case of public sector projects, will be important to the growth in partnership based projects. Indeed, whilst issues such as cost, quality, timeliness and safety will remain decisive to successful delivery, objectives such as sustainable and environmental development will grow in importance, and failure to acknowledge and address these issues will again pose threats to movement. Swan and Khalfans research showed that the industry is already moving forward, with a suEffect of Supplier Management Procurement on Public SectorsEffect of Supplier Management Procurement on Public SectorsOne IntroductionBest Value (BV) was introduced into the public sector in 1998, announced through the governments white paper Modern Local Government in Touch with the People. This paper introduced extensive reform to local government, including the new initiative of BV. Within this BV is the e-Government, Community Planning, Strategic Partnerships and new political management structures (White Paper 1998). BV replaced the system of Compulsory Competitive Tendering (CCT) (Local Government Act 1999). The aim of BV is to influence the efficient expenditure of public money estimated to total 455.2 billion for 2004, forecasted to grow by 3-5% for the period 2005-9 (www.statistics.gov.uk/). The 2001 review of local government procurement in England (Delivering Better Services for Citizens) was published as a consultatio n paper. The report included the following recommendation there should be clear political responsibility for procurement, with elected members taking a strategic role in securing outcomes. Best Value is about breaking down the boundaries between the public and private sectors in local service delivery (The Byatt Report 2001).Supplier relationship management within the public sector has to an extent been dictated by the central government initiatives evolving the CCT era into the Best Value regime. Best Value has led to distinctively different approaches within the public sector to consultation, competition, performance reviews, and to partnership working. Since the abolition of CCT, evidence is emerging of a new maturity in localgovernments relationships with the private sector. In some authorities, this is evidenced by the fact that they are now recognisingthe inevitability of the mixed economy of provision,and are prepared to work within it (Bovaird, 2000).Procurement, and best va lue procurement, is a complicated subject to examine, largely because getting the best value for a product or service does not necessarily mean choosing the lowest bidder. Indeed, modern procurement strategies need to consider several interrelated factors, of which costs is just one, when determining and implementing the best value procurement process. This implies a significant increase in the number of issues encountered by many public sector agencies, for who best value procurement and competitive tendering concerns have replaced the simpler days of low bid auctions for services. As a result of these changes, best value procurement has now developed into a significant strategic option, which can provide many advantages to the public sector procurement professionals. However, along with the potential benefits, best value procurement also brings significant related risk factors, especially in the public sector where policy and political considerations can lead to significantly diff erent interpretations of best value both across public sector organisations and across individual projects within the same organisation. Indeed, when efficiently written and executed, best value contracts can both save money and increase service levels, however by its very nature best value involves a great deal of evaluation and comparison, which can complicate the process to the point where the potential gains are lost. Equally, distortions caused by interpretations and political factors may enter into play when gauging the many factors in addition to price, often leading to debates around different perceptions of what constitutes value for a given product or service.Each best value procurement example is subjective and entirely unique, especially in the public sector, and because of this, communication between end users, procurement professionals, policy makers, and suppliers is of utmost importance. In procurement, as in other fields, people with the right knowledge about the pr oduct or service being supplied, and the project for which it is required, will be able to make better decisions than those without the necessary information. As such, when choices must be made, project sponsors, buyers, contract administrators, technical authorities, advisors, bidders, and contractors must be kept in the know. This leads to the hypothesis that supplier relationship management in the public sector will, by virtue of increasing the spread of knowledge along the procurement chain, better help the public sector to achieve best value in its procurement activities. This work intends to test this hypothesis through a detailed search of the existing literature on procurement in the public sector, and the various aspects of procurement which underlie the provision of best value for public sector organisations. This will be achieved using the positivist paradigm and phenomenological hermeneutics to identify, contextualise and analyse the various research on best value, and a lso to determine how supplier relationship management will impact on this for public sector organisations.Two MethodologyDue to the wide scope of the subject matter of this dissertation, and the specialised nature of procurement within the public sector, the work will be solely based on existing secondary research. As there is no primary research to interpret, the research process will be different from conventional dissertations. As such, the interpretation of the existing research will form the cornerstone of the analysis and also drive any conclusions. This means that the dissertation will not only need to analyse the content of these articles, but also the motive of the authors for writing them, the context and any inherent bias. A research method is needed that will identify any contextual factors or bias and exclude them from the overall results. The chosen method is phenomenological hermeneutics, because this methodology states that literature can only be fully interpreted th rough an analysis of its contextual basis. The method further argues that, instead of being based on historical or cultural contexts, each text reflects the mental frame of the writer or writers. As such, phenomenological hermeneutics will be used as the research methodology and philosophy because it allows one to take a text and methodically isolate it from all extraneous things including the subjects biases and allow it to communicate its meaning to the subject (Demeterio, 2001).In order to effectively achieve this goal, the research method shall focus on eliminating any sources of inherent bias in order to draw out its key messages and fit them into a coherent discussion and analysis however, as Lye (1996) states, In order to understand one must fore understand, have a stance, an anticipation and a contextualization. This is what is known as the hermeneutic circle one can only know what one is prepared to know, in the terms that one is prepared to know. As such, this work will ne ed to examine the various articles of literature in the context of each other to enable the construction of a hermeneutic circle and to truly understand the points each author is trying to make. As such, the interaction of the text with the contextual frame of reference given by the literature as a whole will lead to an interpretive paradigm being formed (Lye, 1996), through which it will be possible to draw out the common themes and the salient points from the literature.To appropriately construct this paradigm, it is necessary to understand that each article will be an embodiment of the ideas, beliefs, knowledge and experiences of the author, and that the interpretation of the text will also be an embodiment of the ideas, beliefs, knowledge and experience of the reader as such, it will be necessary for the author of this work to be aware of the impact that this will have on the interpretation of the articles. This work will embody the style of the author (Lye, 1996), and will like ly reveal some significant aspects of the authors views on politics and asset allocation, both conscious and unconscious. This will potentially add a further contextual bias to the interpretation, and one which may be significantly harder to identify, isolate and remove.This potential contextual bias will also make it difficult to effectively apply the logical positivist paradigm, which is strongly based on taking an objective view of reality, rather than a subjective view. The view of positivism that knowledge can only be obtained by the use of data that can be verified by an independent observer (Schrag, 1992) implies that someone attempting to use the positivist paradigm for research purposes must be as objective and unbiased as possible. Indeed, as all phenomena are subject to natural laws that coexist with each other in a logical manner, humans can only discover these laws through the use of inductive and deductive hypotheses and empirical testing of social and scientific theor ies. As such, the positivist paradigm will have to be carefully applied to all research and interpretation in this work, taking into account the phenomenological hermeneutic interpretation to provide a well rounded argument and conclusion.Regarding the research and data collection methods used, an inductive approach has been taken, which is appropriate as it involves interpretation of the research and data during the gathering, as well as the analysis phase. This has been extended through the use of a standard horizontal and vertical analysis of the existing literature and the initial sources found. The horizontal aspect of the research has involved using the terminology, key words and arguments underlying historical public sector procurement processes and strategies to uncover other related works which discuss the same concepts but with different arguments and in different contexts. The vertical aspect has involved examining the sources cited in the initial sources used to move bac k up the chain of argument and see how different arguments and theories have been formed and influenced over time. Online searches have also been used to facilitate looking for sources which cite the identified articles and examining how these sources have further developed the article.The research and data gathered for this dissertation is composed entirely of secondary research. Initially, the author considered gathering and analysis primary data, however this was deemed to be unfeasible for two reasons. The first reason is that the majority of people working within public sector procurement are busy professionals, working full time to ensure that their procurement goals are met. As such, they would be unlikely to have the time available to assist in the research process, and their responses would be limited by the commercial and confidentiality considerations that underlie most procurement projects. Secondly, as was discussed above, this topic is highly specialised, with practiti oners, advisors and academics having significant levels of knowledge and experience. As a result, it is more appropriate, and probably more accurate, to use the results of experienced academics and practitioners, who have carried out significant amounts of in depth, and often independent, research on this subject, as a contextual basis of the positivist paradigm being used however, research gaps should be discussed when identified.Another important consideration when collecting the data was the time horizon because, as stated above, the UK public sector procurement industry is now in a fundamentally different state than at any time in its prior history following the longest consecutive period under Labour rule. As such, examining research data and literature from too far in the past will likely be of limited use when discussing public sector procurement in the modern economic and political environment. Therefore it has been decided that data will only be used from the period 1997 to 2007, which is the period for which the Labour government has been in power, and within which most of the major reforms underlying the current processes, strategies, and improvements have been drawn up and implemented.This research methodology has produced analyses of about fifty major articles on which the work will be based together with some other articles defining the research methodology itself, and some sources providing general public sector procurement context and supplementary information. The major articles have been analysed and reviewed in the Structured Literature Review, under each of the main themes identified. This is the most logical method of analysis for this work, as the majority of the articles and surveys carried out around best value in the UK public sectors have been focused on specific areas such as the Public Private Partnership initiatives and the work of the Audit Commission. As such, a longitudinal method of analysis is also useful for the phenomenologi cal hermeneutic approach taken by this work, as it will enable progressive clarity of understanding of the contextual factors underling the literature reviewed.Considering the chosen methodology for this work, this dissertation will have a Structured Literature Review instead of a conventional literature review. This is because the research used is solely secondary therefore there is no need to conduct a standard literature review, which is usually done to contextualise and direct any primary research and to help explain its results. As this work is not based on primary research, there is no need for a standard literature review, and hence the structured literature review is more appropriate, because it can serve as the findings, results and analysis for the work, which shall be interpreted within the findings. Because the research philosophy and methodology is phenomenological hermeneutics, an interpretive, positivist method of analysis is required, which is facilitated by a struct ured approach to the analysis. Finally, as the literature review is being conducted along various themes, it is vital that it is correctly structured to ensure that it is analytical rather than just descriptive, and that it maintains some criticality. As such, the structured literature review will involve a thematic/structured review of all the salient articles in the work, analysing the arguments and themes within each article and linking the various articles and themes to each other.The last part of the literature review will be an interpretation of all the articles discussed in the review, identifying common themes, disagreements and any potential implications or conflicts. This analysis will need to consider the various biases, backgrounds and any knowledge of the authors. Many of the major disagreements may not be based on the subject of best value itself, but rather the authors views on the ultimate aims of procurement and the importance of the process and methodology underlin g it. This scrutiny will enable analysis of the validity and reliability of the articles by means of triangulation with the other articles reviewed and analysed. This will further assist in the phenomenological hermeneutic approach taken by this work, and it will facilitate the identification of any bias or conflicts that were not obvious in the initial review of the literature.The methodology will also attempt to identify existing gaps within the literature, and highlight areas where further research could be beneficial to the work. Because most of the literature is written from academic perspectives, there are likely to be gaps around the various objectives and contextual factors of the various public sector organisations and the various procurement frameworks the have in place and potentially a lack of in depth research around issues such as political pressure and policy directives. As such, this work will attempt to identify where the existing literature has failed to focus on a reas such as these, and how these omissions can be addressed by future studies and research.Three LiteratureBest Value Procurement in the UK Public SectorThere is a large volume of research focusing on procurement strategies and measures of value for private sector organisations, and recently literature (Male et al, 2007 Lian and Laing, 2004) has begun to focus on the different procurement practices needed by the public sector. Indeed, Lian and Laing (2004) focused on the transactional and relationship based nature of procurement strategies to determine to what extent procurement is different between the public and the private sector. They focused on health services, as public health services are often seen as one of the most complex services provided by the public sector (Male et al, 2007), and their research demonstrated how the differing environmental factors, such as politics and resource allocation in the public sector, impacted on procurement, whilst many service specific fact ors, such as the need for medicines and temporary staff, were constant across the public and private spheres Indeed, their research demonstrated that politics and policy drivers have a major impact on the procurement strategies used by public sector organisations, and that these strategies, and the methods used to engage suppliers, were significantly different from that of private sector organisations.This research ties in with that of Dixon et al (2005) which showed that, whilst the private sector tended to build relationships with suppliers, and leverage these to obtain better value, public sector organisations often based their procurement strategies on the costs of individual transactions. As such, the literature concludes that the private sectors relationship based procurement strategies offer better value than those of the public sector. However, Lian and Laing (2004) also commented that public policy decisions often restrict public sector organisations from building relations hips with their suppliers, and thus the very nature of public sector organisations often hinders or prevents them from achieving best value from their procurement activities. Palaneeswaran et al (2003) criticise this political dimension, claiming that procuring best value should be one of the key objectives (for the) public sector. Their argument is that best value depends upon the use of sound selection strategies, intended to ensure that all the procurement objectives are met, which includes the client and end user demands. As such, best value initiatives should all be geared towards the final state of business, rather than to serve public policy decisions. They conclude that, whilst the overall goal of any public sector organisation should be determined by public policy, best value procurement efforts should all be directed towards that goal and be free from political interference. Unfortunately, as Lian and Ling commented, whilst this may be desirable it is not always possible.C urrent successes and failures of procurement strategies within central and local governmentWalker (2006) notes that UK public sector organisations often make their main procurement decisions, for assets and services, at the local level, reflected in the fact that the NHS trusts and local government authorities all have their own procurement departments. Whilst this policy allows individual bodies to select the procurement strategy that best suits their needs, the lack of coordination of the procurement process can lead to inefficient supply markets, with either too few or too many suppliers, which reduces the efficiency of individual suppliers and thus increased the cost to the purchasers. These local procurement decisions are also often superseded or influence by central government guidelines and policies, for example Builders Merchants Journal (2006) detailed a new central government policy on public sector timber procurement. This policy specified that, whilst organisations are s till responsible for their own procurement decisions, they must ensure that any timber they procure comes from a legal source, which increases the administrative burden for the local organisations. Furthermore, the government has also specified that organisations should supply sustainable timber wherever possible, however this is not compulsory. Such vague policy guidelines also make it difficult for organisations trying to balance budgets against policy.Equally, such fragmented policies make it hard for public sector organisations to plan long term procurement strategies to respond to market uncertainty. For example, Loveday (2005) reported that the UK public sector was forced to cut back service provision as a result of significant energy price rises which they had not planned for. Whilst this failing is shared with the private sector, which Loveday (2005) stated as having lost over 1 billion due to a lack of energy procurement strategies and poor energy risk management, the fragm ented nature of local procurement means that the public sector is often as much as risk from utility price rises as small businesses, some of which have been almost bankrupted due to rising energy bills in recent years (Loveday, 2005).Perhaps in response to these drawbacks, the literature highlights one of the main strategies used in recent years by the public sector to improve its procurement strategies the rise of Public Private Partnerships (PPP) and the Private Finance Initiative (PFI), which form long term partnerships with private sector organisations to share the provision of public services. Smyth and Edkins (2007) examined the management of these projects, the relationships between the primary public and private sector partners and the use of the Special Purpose Vehicles (SPUs) to facilitate the partnerships. They found that the management of these relationships had two main dynamics the contract, transactional, approach of the public sector, and the relationship management approach of the private sector. The combination of these two approaches, and how they influenced the project management discipline within the partnership, showed that they led to greater strategic and tactical consideration being given to functions such as procurement, leading to greater value generation. This consideration led to greater collaboration, both between and within the organisations, as they adjusted to new procurement conditions, demonstrating improved proactive and strategic relationship management versus individual public sector organisations (Smyth and Edkins, 2007).Dixon et al (2005) also examined the several case studies of the success of the Private Finance Initiative schemes, focusing on projects related to the construction of infrastructure and other facilities. These studies highlighted several examples of best practice and best value procurement, together with the key critical factors for success in PFI projects, whilst also pointing out some drawbacks and le ssons for future projects. Indeed, the literature demonstrated that the key value benefits of the PFI are that the public sector obtains increased value for money, whilst also transferring risk to the private sector partner. However, this transfer is offset by higher procurement and transaction costs, relative to the private sectors standard costs partly due to the cultural differences between the public and private sector, and partly due to large-scale nature of PFI projects, which frequently acts as a barrier to entry for some financing partners and suppliers. This highlights the need to develop competitive public sector supplier markets, and also to develop the appropriate procurement and project management skills within the public sector to ensure that they can work with private sector partners to ensure best value (Dixon et al, 2005).These show two contrasting views of the PFI/PPP, with Smyth and Edkins (2007) seeing the initiatives as an excellent way to bring private sector e fficiency to public sector procurement, but with Dixon et al (2005) claiming that the wide differences in skill sets mean that a lot of the benefits from the private sector methodologies are lost. In response to contrasting views such as these, Li et al (2005) conducted research into the various perceptions of what makes the PFI attractive or unattractive to potential partners as a procurement system for projects. The research was based on a questionnaire / survey of stakeholders in the various projects, with the various potential issues and factors for the survey identified from the existing literature. This research showed that PPP and PFI procurement efficiency can have wide ranging benefits and drawbacks across different areas of a project. In particular, Li et al (2005) found the public / private sector partnerships were perceived as giving better access to the technology required for projects, and thus leading to better project economy. This in turn drove greater public benefi t, helped the public sector avoid transactional costs, and also helped manage or avoid some regulatory and financial constraints, such as the public sector timber procurement policy (Builders Merchants Journal, 2006). However, they also found that participants inexperienced is public / private sector co-operation, the high costs of setting up and participating in the initiatives, the length of time they took, and the tendency to over-commercialise some projects could lead to PPP / PFI procurement being less attractive for both parties.These various factors will impact differently on different projects, thus showing why there are such wide disparities between articles in the literature on the relative merits of PPP and PFI. For example, Weston and Cassidy (2006) claim that the procurement of public facilities and services under the PPP and PFI arrangements provides a wide variety of significant benefits to the public sector, and to the private sector partners. In contrast, Chapman (2 006) highlights claims that private sector participation harms services and efficiency, whilst purely focusing on guaranteeing the private sector partners their profits. As a result, the literature concludes that the difference between the success and failure of PFI and PPP schemes depends on a clear and common understanding of the positive and negative factors surrounding PPP / PFI procurement (Li et al, 2005).Another development in procurement is that direct competition between providers, via invitations to tender, is now widely used as the means of choosing suppliers or outsourcers for many public services in the UK. Smyth (1997) describes how competitive tendering can ensure local accessibility and accountability for users, innovation, from providers and help purchasers to reduce procurement and transaction costs. However, in common with many other writers, Smyth (1997) discusses co-operation and collaboration and the interference of policy decisions and the political process, w hich has led to the emergence of monopolies and inefficient integrated delivery systems, often to the detriment of value in the procurement process (Smyth, 1997).Another effort made by the public sector, specifically the UK NHS, to improve purchasing efficiency is in the use of the NHS Purchasing and Supply Agency, PaSA, to negotiate National Framework Agreements through which individual NHS trusts can procure goods and services at bulk negotiated rates. However, as each NHS trust is a separate legal and managerial entity, responsible only to the Department of Health, a significant number of NHS trusts have resisted the move towards this centralised procurement approach in favour of their own relationships with suppliers. As a result, Cox et al (2005) discussed how PaSA, and the NHS senior management as a whole, have created regional procurement hubs and confederations in order to overcome this inability to enforce the Agreements within individual NHS Trusts. Whilst this was a sensi ble approach to resolving the lack of effective consolidation of demand at the individual Trust level, the individual procurement practices of regionally based NHS Trusts is still strongly driven by their own supply and demand considerations, and this has created a number of internal demand problems that the regionalised procurement approach has failed to overcome. These include the failure by the Trusts individually, and by the NHS centrally, to control and manage the NHS design and specification process effectively and, in many cases, an inability to measure or collect information on the clinical and cost effectiveness of medical interventions (Cox et al, 2005). As such, whilst these new reforms can be seen as a significant improvement on past collaborative procurement efforts, it is likely that they are still destined to fail, due to the fundamental nature of procurement in the NHS, and the lack of understanding around effectively aligning supply and demand at all levels of the N HS.One final area, in which the public sector is often accused of being inefficient by the Audit Commission, and failing to secure best value procurement, is in the employing of management consultants for project management and other support roles. Corcoran and McLean (1998) investigated the purchase of management consultants in the public sector context, specifically the appointment of consultants to work with government departments, focusing specifically on the particular selection decisions. They found that, in accordance with government policy, many public sector decision makers focus mainly on securing best value for money when procuring consultants, however the criteria and information sources used to make the procurement decisions were often inconsistent. Similar to Cox et al (2005), Corcoran and McLean (1998) found that whilst the governments public sector procurement principle was well known and relatively well understood, public sector decision makers seemed to be unable t o connect this principle to the procurement process, often claiming that they did not have access to sufficient information to make an informed choice. Paradoxically, the majority of government departments tend to hire management consultants in an attempt to understand the procurement process that has hired the management consultants in the first place. One significant outcome of this is that the decision makers in many government organisations stated that they didnt believe the selection process and decision around hiring management consultants was difficult, and would be straightforward if sufficient information was made available (Corcoran and McLean, 1998).Future developments in procurement and threats to movementThe public sector is increasing beginning to rely on private sector organisations to form supplier consortia for major projects, especially those where the scale is such that individual suppliers are unable to cope with the demand. As the number of projects, especially the major PPP / PFI projects, increases the demand for these consortia is likely to rise, and Jost (2005) believes that this may become the dominant model for public sector procurement in future. However, in order for this to occur, greater attention must be paid to building successful relationships, both between the consortium and the public sector organisation, and between the members of the consortium itself. Jost (2005) conducted a qualitative study of the existing consortia, and claimed that building trust, engaging staff and reconciling the differing objectives of the partners will be the main factors critical to this development, and a lack of trust among the private sector partners will be the biggest threat to progress.Indeed, Swan and Khalfan (2007) claim that partnering will continue to grow significantly throughout the UK public sector. They focus on the UK public sector construction industry, and identified that, in future, factors such relationship management with exte rnal stakeholders, the general public in the case of public sector projects, will be important to the growth in partnership based projects. Indeed, whilst issues such as cost, quality, timeliness and safety will remain crucial to successful delivery, objectives such as sustainable and environmental development will grow in importance, and failure to acknowledge and address these issues will again pose threats to movement. Swan and Khalfans research showed that the industry is already moving forward, with a su